chapter 3a: cellular level of organization Flashcards by Cecelia White

the cell is the smallest unit of life
all organisms are made up of one or more cells
cells only arise from other cells

cell theory

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2 layers of phospholipids, glycoproteins, glycolipids, integral membrane proteins, peripheral membrane proteins

cell membrane structure

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protein with carbohydrate attached

glycoprotein

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lipid with carbohydrate attached

glycolipid

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phosphate group, negative from oxygen

hydrophilic head

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fatty acids (one saturated, one unsaturated)

hydrophobic tails

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functions of cell membrane

protection
communication
selectively permeable

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molecules spread spontaneously down a concentration gradient
no energy spent

diffusion

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diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane

facilitated diffusion

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generally let a variety of molecules in

nonselective pores

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selective pores, only allow one type of molecule through

carrier proteins

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the diffusion of water

osmosis

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cell in a solution having a higher solute concentration
water leaves cell

hypertonic

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cell in a solution having the same solute concentration
water enters and leaves cell at the same rate

isotonic

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cell in a solution having a lower solute concentration
water enters cell

hypotonic

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water and solutes are forced through a membrane via hydrostatic pressure

filtration

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low concentration to high concentration, requires ATP

active transport

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maintains membrane potential
active transport

ion pumps

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large particles come into the cell

endocytosis

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cell eating
vacuoles
macrophages

phagocytosis

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cell drinking
vesicle

pinocytosis

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endocytosis –> specificity
ligands bind to receptor sites

receptor-mediated endocytosis

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various products transported out of the cell

exocytosis

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substance movement
numerous and short
found in respiratory tract and female reproductive tract

cilia

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substance movement few and long found in male reproductive system (sperm)

flagella

support for the cell microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

cytoskeleton

support, cell movement, transport, change cell shape, mitosis

microtubules

mostly made of actin support, cellular movement, muscle physiology

microfilaments

support (cellular tension), most stable

intermediate filaments

clean up waste in cells with digestive enzymes breakdown substances (catabolic)

lysosomes

detoxification of harmful substances (alcohol, reactive oxygen species)

peroxisomes

cellular respiration occurs generates the most ATP double membrane own set of DNA (mtDNA) bacteria sized (large in comparison to other organelles)

mitochondria

packaging plant; modification, packaging, and transport of proteins proteins from come from RER and go to cell membrane

golgi apparatus

very specific jobs, might not be in every cell

inclusions

(inclusion) later energy production

lipid droplets

(inclusion) pigment

melanin

(inclusion) complex carbohydrate

glycogen

2 kinds of this organelle, rough and smooth

endoplasmic reticulum

studded with ribosomes

rough endoplasmic reticulum

lipid and cholesterol synthesis

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

aids in movement of chromosomes during mitosis pulls spindle fibers to each side of the cell in anaphase

centrosome

contains all genetic information contains nucleolus, nuclear envelope with nuclear pores

nucleus

nucleolus

makes ribosomes

A binds with T and C binds with G

Chargaff's rule

phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base constructed in anti-parallel structure

nucleic acid (DNA)

breaks hydrogen bonds during DNA replication

helicase

synthesizes a new strand of DNA based on the template it reads

DNA polymerase

fixes mistakes and mends fragments of lagging strands

ligase

phosphate, ribose sugar, nitrogenous base

nucleic acid (RNA)

carries code for protein to be synthesized

mRNA

carries appropriate amino acid to the ribosome to create a new protein

tRNA

make up ribosomes and some proteins

rRNA

particular sequence of nucleotides at the start of a gene

promoter

binds to and unwinds RNA polymerase reads DNA template and builds RNA strand off of that

RNA polymerase

DNA template for transcription

coding strand

end of a gene

termination sequence

removes the noncoding regions from the pre mRNA transcript

splicing

structure of proteins that remove noncoding mRNA and pasting coding pieces together

spliceosome

coding regions

exons

noncoding regions

introns

DNA --> mRNA

transcription

mRNA --> proteins

translation

triplet mRNA sequences that code for a specific amino acid

codons

start codon

AUG

stop codons

UAA, UAG, UGA

triplet base sequence on tRNA that carry amino acid to match codon

anticodons

codon: AUG anticodon (on tRNA): ______

UAC

an "error" in a gene (DNA code) replication errors, environmental factors

mutations