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a&p 1 > chapter 3a: cellular level of organization > Flashcards

chapter 3a: cellular level of organization Flashcards

1
Q
  1. the cell is the smallest unit of life
  2. all organisms are made up of one or more cells
  3. cells only arise from other cells
A

cell theory

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2
Q

2 layers of phospholipids, glycoproteins, glycolipids, integral membrane proteins, peripheral membrane proteins

A

cell membrane structure

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3
Q

protein with carbohydrate attached

A

glycoprotein

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4
Q

lipid with carbohydrate attached

A

glycolipid

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5
Q

phosphate group, negative from oxygen

A

hydrophilic head

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6
Q

fatty acids (one saturated, one unsaturated)

A

hydrophobic tails

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7
Q

functions of cell membrane

A
  1. protection
  2. communication
  3. selectively permeable
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8
Q

molecules spread spontaneously down a concentration gradient
no energy spent

A

diffusion

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9
Q

diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane

A

facilitated diffusion

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10
Q

generally let a variety of molecules in

A

nonselective pores

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11
Q

selective pores, only allow one type of molecule through

A

carrier proteins

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12
Q

the diffusion of water

A

osmosis

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13
Q

cell in a solution having a higher solute concentration
water leaves cell

A

hypertonic

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14
Q

cell in a solution having the same solute concentration
water enters and leaves cell at the same rate

A

isotonic

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15
Q

cell in a solution having a lower solute concentration
water enters cell

A

hypotonic

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16
Q

water and solutes are forced through a membrane via hydrostatic pressure

A

filtration

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17
Q

low concentration to high concentration, requires ATP

A

active transport

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18
Q

maintains membrane potential
active transport

A

ion pumps

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19
Q

large particles come into the cell

A

endocytosis

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20
Q

cell eating
vacuoles
macrophages

A

phagocytosis

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21
Q

cell drinking
vesicle

A

pinocytosis

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22
Q

endocytosis –> specificity
ligands bind to receptor sites

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

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23
Q

various products transported out of the cell

A

exocytosis

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24
Q

substance movement
numerous and short
found in respiratory tract and female reproductive tract

A

cilia

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25
Q

substance movement
few and long
found in male reproductive system (sperm)

A

flagella

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26
Q

support for the cell
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

A

cytoskeleton

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27
Q

support, cell movement, transport, change cell shape, mitosis

A

microtubules

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28
Q

mostly made of actin
support, cellular movement, muscle physiology

A

microfilaments

29
Q

support (cellular tension), most stable

A

intermediate filaments

30
Q

clean up waste in cells with digestive enzymes
breakdown substances (catabolic)

A

lysosomes

31
Q

detoxification of harmful substances (alcohol, reactive oxygen species)

A

peroxisomes

32
Q

cellular respiration occurs
generates the most ATP
double membrane
own set of DNA (mtDNA)
bacteria sized (large in comparison to other organelles)

A

mitochondria

33
Q

packaging plant; modification, packaging, and transport of proteins
proteins from come from RER and go to cell membrane

A

golgi apparatus

34
Q

very specific jobs, might not be in every cell

A

inclusions

35
Q

(inclusion) later energy production

A

lipid droplets

36
Q

(inclusion) pigment

A

melanin

37
Q

(inclusion) complex carbohydrate

A

glycogen

38
Q

2 kinds of this organelle, rough and smooth

A

endoplasmic reticulum

39
Q

studded with ribosomes

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

40
Q

lipid and cholesterol synthesis

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

41
Q

aids in movement of chromosomes during mitosis
pulls spindle fibers to each side of the cell in anaphase

A

centrosome

42
Q

contains all genetic information
contains nucleolus, nuclear envelope with nuclear pores

A

nucleus

43
Q

nucleolus

A

makes ribosomes

44
Q

A binds with T and C binds with G

A

Chargaff’s rule

45
Q

phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base
constructed in anti-parallel structure

A

nucleic acid (DNA)

46
Q

breaks hydrogen bonds during DNA replication

A

helicase

47
Q

synthesizes a new strand of DNA based on the template it reads

A

DNA polymerase

48
Q

fixes mistakes and mends fragments of lagging strands

A

ligase

49
Q

phosphate, ribose sugar, nitrogenous base

A

nucleic acid (RNA)

50
Q

carries code for protein to be synthesized

A

mRNA

51
Q

carries appropriate amino acid to the ribosome to create a new protein

A

tRNA

52
Q

make up ribosomes and some proteins

A

rRNA

53
Q

particular sequence of nucleotides at the start of a gene

A

promoter

54
Q

binds to and unwinds RNA polymerase
reads DNA template and builds RNA strand off of that

A

RNA polymerase

55
Q

DNA template for transcription

A

coding strand

56
Q

end of a gene

A

termination sequence

57
Q

removes the noncoding regions from the pre mRNA transcript

A

splicing

58
Q

structure of proteins that remove noncoding mRNA and pasting coding pieces together

A

spliceosome

59
Q

coding regions

A

exons

60
Q

noncoding regions

A

introns

61
Q

DNA –> mRNA

A

transcription

62
Q

mRNA –> proteins

A

translation

63
Q

triplet mRNA sequences that code for a specific amino acid

A

codons

64
Q

start codon

A

AUG

65
Q

stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

66
Q

triplet base sequence on tRNA that carry amino acid to match codon

A

anticodons

67
Q

codon: AUG
anticodon (on tRNA): ______

A

UAC

68
Q

an “error” in a gene (DNA code)
replication errors, environmental factors

A

mutations

a&p 1 (3 decks)

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