chapter 2: the chemical level of organization

Question 1

the study of matter

Answer 1

chemistry

Question 2

anything that occupies space and has mass

Answer 2

matter

Question 3

pure substances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means

Answer 3

elements

Question 4

substances composed of 2 or more elements joined by a chemical bond

Answer 4

compounds

Question 5

4 main elements

Answer 5

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

Question 6

smallest particle of an element

Answer 6

atom

Question 7

made up of protons and neutrons

Answer 7

nucleus

Question 8

made up of electrons

Answer 8

electron cloud

Question 9

same element with different number of neutrons
- can be used for medical imaging

Answer 9

isotopes

Question 10

2e- and 8e- (stable)
- stable when outer shell is full

Answer 10

electron shells

Question 11

a bond sharing electrons
- strongest
- generally shared in pairs
- very stable –> high energy

Answer 11

covalent bonds

Question 12

covalent bond that shares electrons equally

Answer 12

nonpolar covalent bond

Question 13

covalent bond that shares electrons unequally

Answer 13

polar covalent bond

Question 14

bond between partial charges of compounds
- weak
- nucleic acids, water, enzymes/proteins

Answer 14

hydrogen bond

Question 15

bond that accepts or donates electrons between two elements

Answer 15

ionic bond

Question 16

overall positive or negative charge
- form lattice structures

Answer 16

ions

Question 17

overall positive charge

Answer 17

cation

Question 18

overall negative charge

Answer 18

anions

Question 19

the making or breaking of chemical bonds

Answer 19

chemical reactions

Question 20

joining of components, anabolism
- A + B = AB

Answer 20

synthesis

Question 21

breaking down components, catabolism
- AB = A + B

Answer 21

breakdown

Question 22

3 things influencing chemical reactions

Answer 22

1. concentration
2. temperature
3. enzymes

Question 23

energy stored in bonds

Answer 23

chemical energy

Question 24

power movement of matter

Answer 24

mechanical energy

Question 25

energy waves, light, heat

Answer 25

radiant energy

Question 26

voltage channels, flow of electrons ex. electron transport chain

Answer 26

electrical energy

Question 27

compound that has hydrogen and carbon at the same time

Answer 27

organic compound

Question 28

compound that can have hydrogen and carbon, but not at the same time ex. O2, H2O, CO2, salts

Answer 28

inorganic compound

Question 29

losing water, puts molecules together

Answer 29

dehydration

Question 30

gain water, breaks molecules apart

Answer 30

hydration/hydrolysis

Question 31

4 characteristics of water

Answer 31

1. participates in chemical reactions 2. lubricant (joints, digestive system, etc) 3. temperature regulator (sweat) 4. excellent solvent / suspension medium

Question 32

charges in water attracted to charges of salt

Answer 32

electrostatic interactions

Question 33

donate H+ ions, accept OH- ions

Answer 33

acids

Question 34

accepts H+ ions, donates OH- ions

Answer 34

bases

Question 35

-log[H+]

Answer 35

pH

Question 36

balance H+ and OH- - bind H+ or give H+ to solution

Answer 36

buffers

Question 37

saccharide energy storage/source C, H, O (1:2:1)

Answer 37

carbohydrates

Question 38

energy storage, cell membrane, cell signaling, insulation, protection, and cushioning C, H, O triglycerides, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, phospholipids, sterols/steroids

Answer 38

lipids

Question 39

glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains

Answer 39

triglyceride

Question 40

single covalent bond between carbons in backbone (macromolecule)

Answer 40

saturated fats

Question 41

some double bonds between carbons in backbone (macromolecule)

Answer 41

unsaturated fats

Question 42

phosphate group (polar), glycerol, nonpolar tails

Answer 42

phospholipids

Question 43

made up of amino acids held together by peptide bonds structure, transport, chemical messaging, movement, defense, enzymes primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures

Answer 43

proteins

Question 44

order of amino acids (peptide bonds)

Answer 44

primary structure

Question 45

alpha helices and beta pleated sheets (hydrogen bonds)

Answer 45

secondary structure

Question 46

3D structure, folding proteins

Answer 46

tertiary structure

Question 47

proteins bonded together

Answer 47

quaternary structure

Question 48

sugar-phosphate backbones (covalent bonds), nitrogenous bases (hydrogen bonds) makes ATP too

Answer 48

nucleic acids

Question 49

single ring nucleic acids cytosine, thymine, uracil

Answer 49

pyrimidines

Question 50

double ring nucleic acids adenine, guanine

Answer 50

purines