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chapter 2: the chemical level of organization Flashcards

1
Q

the study of matter

A

chemistry

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2
Q

anything that occupies space and has mass

A

matter

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3
Q

pure substances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means

A

elements

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4
Q

substances composed of 2 or more elements joined by a chemical bond

A

compounds

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5
Q

4 main elements

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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6
Q

smallest particle of an element

A

atom

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7
Q

made up of protons and neutrons

A

nucleus

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8
Q

made up of electrons

A

electron cloud

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9
Q

same element with different number of neutrons
- can be used for medical imaging

A

isotopes

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10
Q

2e- and 8e- (stable)
- stable when outer shell is full

A

electron shells

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11
Q

a bond sharing electrons
- strongest
- generally shared in pairs
- very stable –> high energy

A

covalent bonds

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12
Q

covalent bond that shares electrons equally

A

nonpolar covalent bond

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13
Q

covalent bond that shares electrons unequally

A

polar covalent bond

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14
Q

bond between partial charges of compounds
- weak
- nucleic acids, water, enzymes/proteins

A

hydrogen bond

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15
Q

bond that accepts or donates electrons between two elements

A

ionic bond

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16
Q

overall positive or negative charge
- form lattice structures

A

ions

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17
Q

overall positive charge

A

cation

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18
Q

overall negative charge

A

anions

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19
Q

the making or breaking of chemical bonds

A

chemical reactions

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20
Q

joining of components, anabolism
- A + B = AB

A

synthesis

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21
Q

breaking down components, catabolism
- AB = A + B

22
Q

3 things influencing chemical reactions

A
  1. concentration
  2. temperature
  3. enzymes
23
Q

energy stored in bonds

A

chemical energy

24
Q

power movement of matter

A

mechanical energy

25
Q

energy waves, light, heat

A

radiant energy

26
Q

voltage channels, flow of electrons
ex. electron transport chain

A

electrical energy

27
Q

compound that has hydrogen and carbon at the same time

A

organic compound

28
Q

compound that can have hydrogen and carbon, but not at the same time
ex. O2, H2O, CO2, salts

A

inorganic compound

29
Q

losing water, puts molecules together

A

dehydration

30
Q

gain water, breaks molecules apart

A

hydration/hydrolysis

31
Q

4 characteristics of water

A
  1. participates in chemical reactions
  2. lubricant (joints, digestive system, etc)
  3. temperature regulator (sweat)
  4. excellent solvent / suspension medium
32
Q

charges in water attracted to charges of salt

A

electrostatic interactions

33
Q

donate H+ ions, accept OH- ions

34
Q

accepts H+ ions, donates OH- ions

35
Q

-log[H+]

36
Q

balance H+ and OH-
- bind H+ or give H+ to solution

37
Q

saccharide
energy storage/source
C, H, O (1:2:1)

A

carbohydrates

38
Q

energy storage, cell membrane, cell signaling, insulation, protection, and cushioning
C, H, O
triglycerides, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, phospholipids, sterols/steroids

39
Q

glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains

A

triglyceride

40
Q

single covalent bond between carbons in backbone (macromolecule)

A

saturated fats

41
Q

some double bonds between carbons in backbone (macromolecule)

A

unsaturated fats

42
Q

phosphate group (polar), glycerol, nonpolar tails

A

phospholipids

43
Q

made up of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
structure, transport, chemical messaging, movement, defense, enzymes
primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures

44
Q

order of amino acids (peptide bonds)

A

primary structure

45
Q

alpha helices and beta pleated sheets (hydrogen bonds)

A

secondary structure

46
Q

3D structure, folding proteins

A

tertiary structure

47
Q

proteins bonded together

A

quaternary structure

48
Q

sugar-phosphate backbones (covalent bonds), nitrogenous bases (hydrogen bonds)
makes ATP too

A

nucleic acids

49
Q

single ring nucleic acids
cytosine, thymine, uracil

A

pyrimidines

50
Q

double ring nucleic acids
adenine, guanine

a&p 1 (3 decks)

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