Chapter 39 Physiology, Homeostasis and Temperature Regulation

Question 1

Problems animals must solve to survive:

Answer 1

Extract energy and nutrients from the environment
Build internal structures
Eliminate toxin and metabolic waste products
Sense environment and respond
Main constant conditions in internal environments
Reproduce

Question 2

2 advantage of multicellularity

Answer 2

Large size (prey on other organisms, resist or work against forces in environment)
The opportunity for cells to specialize

Question 3

Limit of getting bigger

Answer 3

Cell surface area & volume

P824

Question 4

Tissues

Answer 4

Groups of similar cells (specialized cells rarely function alone

Question 5

4 tissue types

Answer 5

Epithelial
Muscle
Connective
Nervous

Question 6

Epithelial tissues

Answer 6

Sheets of cells that create barriers between different compartments and frequently have secretory functions
Stratified squamous epithelium
Columnar epithelium
Cubodial epithelium
Secretory cells

Question 7

Muscle tissues

Answer 7

Contract to generate forces and movement
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle

Question 8

Connective tissues

Answer 8

Provide structure and support
Bones
Adipose tissue
Blood cells
Ligaments and tendons

Question 9

Nervous tissues

Answer 9

Convey and process info
Sensors
Neurons
Glia

Question 10

Organs

Answer 10

Internal structures that carry out specific functions

Are built from multiple tissues

Question 11

Gut (digestive tract

Answer 11

Inner surface: columnar epithelial
Beneath is: connective tissue (mucosa)
Within: blood vessels, neurons, glands

Smooth muscle tissues

Question 12

Individual cells get their nutrients from

Answer 12

Surrounding extracellular fluids(ECF

And dump their waste products into it

Question 13

ECF: 20%____+80%_____

Answer 13

Blood plasma

Interstitial fluid

Question 14

Nutrients and waste movement

Answer 14

Nutrients move from blood plasma

Waste move from interstitial fluid

Question 15

Homeostasis

Answer 15

A narrow range of stable and optimal physical and biochemical conditions

Question 16

Error signal

Answer 16

Any difference between the set point (optimal conditions) and feedback information (existing conditions)

Question 17

Negative feedback

Answer 17

Information used to counteract the influence that created an error signal

Question 18

Positive feedback

Answer 18

Amplified a response

e.g, sexual behavior, birth process

Question 19

Feedforward info

Answer 19

Functions to change the set point in anticipation of a change in conditions.

Question 20

Metabolic rate

Answer 20

The overall rate of energy consumption by an individual

(Therefore a function of the VOLUME of the organism

Question 21

How to measure metabolic rate (by measuring BASAL METABOLIC RATE

Answer 21

While at rest
Empty stomach
Under normal temp & moisture

Question 22

BMR

Answer 22

Rate at which an animal consumes oxygen

Small animals have higher BMR (size increases, relative surface area decreases