Chapter 39 Aboriginal People in Canada Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
Aboriginal Peoples is the collective name for:
A
all of the original people of Canada and their descendants
2
Q
The Canadian Constitution Act of 1982 specifies three groups:
A
o Indian (First Nations)
o Inuit
o Metis
3
Q
What are two things that the Canadian Constitution Act of 1982 did?
A
- Specified 3 groups
- Recognized and affirmed Aboriginal and treaty rights
4
Q
There are more than ___ Aboriginal languages
over ____ reserves
______ of Metis and Inuit communities
______ of Aboriginal people in towns/cities in Canada
A
- 50
- 600
- hundreds
- thousands
5
Q
The First Nations are
A
- the descendants of the original inhabitants of Canada (aka Indians)
- usually registered under Canada’s Indian Act
6
Q
Indian is a derogatory term. True or False?
A
False, it is a legal term
7
Q
Federal legislation first passed in 1876 that sets out certain federal government obligations and regulates the management of Indian reserve lands. It has been amended several times with most recent in 1985
A
The Indian Act
8
Q
What are the two categories of First Nations people?
A
- Status or Treaty Indian: belongs to First Nations that signed a treaty with the crown
- Non-Status Indian: consider themselves Indian or members of First Nations but are not entitled to be registered un the Indian Act. Their ancestors were never registered or they lost their status under former provisions of the Indian act. Not entitled to same rights and benefits as status
9
Q
Are the Dakota people of Manitoba Status Indians?
A
No, they do not have treaties with the Crown but their land is considered reserve land under Canada’s Indian Act
10
Q
In what settings do First Nations people live? What % of total population resides on reserves and settlements?
A
May live on or off reserves in rural or urban areas
~50%
11
Q
There are _____ First Nations reserves in Canada, generally situated in FN traditional territories
A
615
12
Q
Over 50% of FN population resides in which three provinces? Rank from highest to lowest.
FN account for what % of the population in these provinces?
A
Ontario (23.6)
BC (18.2)
Alberta (13.7)
Less than 4%
13
Q
FN are the largest portion of the total population of __________ accounting for _____ of the population
____ of total pop of Yukon
____% of total population in Manitoba and Saskatchewan
A
the NWT, 1/3
1/5
10%
14
Q
How many Inuit are there in Canada? How many communities? How many regions?
A
59,000 Inuit in Canada
53 Inuit communities
4 Inuit Regions
15
Q
What is Inuktitut?
A
Inuit language
16
Q
What doe Inuit mean in Inuktitut?
A
people or human beings
17
Q
The four Inuit regions are collectively known as _____________ . This term includes what three things that they consider to be integral to their culture and way of life?
A
Inuit Nunangat
land, water, and ice
18
Q
What are the four Inuit regions? Where are they located? List them with largest population at the top
A
- Nunavut (43,460)
- Nunavik – northern Quebec (10,750)
*includes those living in Chisasibi located outside
Nunavik terr. - Inuvialuit Settlement Region – NWT (3,310)
- Nunatsiavut – Northern Labrador (2,325)
19
Q
What is the Inuit Tapitiit Kanatami?
A
the national voice for the Inuit in the four regions—providing links to each region’s Inuit land claim organization offices
20
Q
A Metis is a person who: (4)
A
- Self-identifies as Metis
- Is of historic Metis nation ancestry
- Distinct from other Aboriginal Peoples
- Accepted by the Metis nation
21
Q
MNC (Metis National Council) definition of Metis
A
the Aboriginal people descended from the historic Metis nation
22
Q
Historically, the term Metis applied to the children of one of the following
A
- French fur trading men and Prairie Cree women
- English or Scottish trading men and Dene women
- British men and inuit women of Newfoundland and Labrador
23
Q
Metis Nation’s Homeland is based on the traditional territory, which roughly includes:
A
- the three prairie provinces
- parts of Ontario, BC, and NWT
- parts of Northern US
24
Q
_____ % of Metis live in western provinces and Ontario
A
84.9%
25
Ranking of Metis population by province
```
o Alberta (21.4%)
o Ontario (19%)
o Manitoba (17.4%)
o BC (15.4%)
o Saskatchewan (11.6%)
o Quebec (9.1%)
o Atlantic provinces (5.1%)
o Territories (1%)
```
26
_____ % of Canadian Metis live in four western census metropolitan areas:
The rest live in smaller urban populations under _________ or live on Metis settlements
25%
o Winnipeg 46,325
o Edmonton 31,780
o Vancoucer 18,485
o Calgary 17,520
100,000
27
5 Provincial Metis Governments
```
Metis Nation of Ontario
Metis Nation Saskatchewan
Metis Nation of Alberta
Manitoba Metis Federation
Metis British Columbia
```
28
The diversity of the Aboriginal Peoples of Canada originates with their:
1. __________________
2. __________________
1. Ancestral language groups
| 2. Traditional geographic territories
29
Geographic area including land, water and ice identified by a FN, Metis, or Inuit community on which they or their ancestors resided
Traditional Territory
30
Indigenous peoples
is used to describe the descendants of those who inhabited a country or region at the time when people of different cultures or origins arrived on their land
31
When Europeans arrived there were between ____________ indigenous people in North America
They had __ to __ distinct languages and dialects
Were cultures, beliefs, etc. of different Indigenous people similar or very different?
4 million and 5 million
50 - 60
Similar
32
Indigenous vs. European attitude about land
Indigenous- to live in harmony with it
| Euro- attitude of land ownership with expectation of exploitation of all land’s resources
33
There are ___ ancestral language groups.
- ___ are/is FN and ___ are/is Inuit
Within these groups are ____ ancestral languages
11
10/1
59
34
11 Ancestral Language Groups
Algonkian, Athapaska, Inuit, Haidan, Iroquoian, Kutenaian, Salishan, Siouan, Tlingit, Tsimshian, and Wakashan
35
What is the Metis language? What are the 3 dialects in Canada?
Michif
Cree, Dene, Ojibwa
36
```
Identify the meaning of the following words:
Canada
Etobicoke
Ontario
Manitoba
Nunavut
Quebec
Saskatchewan
```
```
Canada = settlement or village
Etobicoke = the place where alders grow
Ontario = beautiful lake
Manitoba = the straight of the spirit or manitobau
Nunavut = our land
Quebec = narrow passage
Saskatchewan = swift flowing river
```
37
Treaties (before Europeans arrived)
foundational to the indigenous people; created mutually beneficial alliances with each other which established relationships among them which included trade, safe passage, peace, friendship, shared land and resources, arrange mutual defence.
38
The first treaties between indigenous people and British Crown (Canada) were ____________
The relationship between AP and the Canadian government is rooted in ___________ which are based on ____________
peaceful and relationship building
the historical treaties
mutual intent by both parties
39
Royal Proclamation of 1793
significant document between AP and non-AP—permitted both to divide and share sovereignty rights to the lands of Canada
40
in 1867, the 1st confederal agreement with the FN would allow ___________________________
power sharing among diverse people and governments
41
In the 1800s, the treaties between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal governments were undermined by ______________
colonization practices
42
Colonization practices intended to do 4 things:
* Remove Aboriginal people from lands
* Suppress Aboriginal nations and their governments
* Undermine Aboriginal cultures
* Stifle Aboriginal identity
43
Assimilation
* The social process of absorbing one cultural group into another
* Includes process by which language or culture comes to resemble that of another group
* Cultural domination by another society
44
4 specific strategies that were used to assimilate AP
* The Indian Act
* Residential schools
* Relocation of communities
* Reserve policies
45
Residential Schools were first established in _____ and were seen as essential for __________ indigenous people
By ______ most children removed from families
1620s; assimilating
1874
46
4 Effect of Indian Residential Schools on Children and Families
* Loss or disruption of language
* Suppression of spiritual practices and beliefs
* Suppression of culture through enforced changes in daily living routines including diet, play contributions to family living (ex. setting up trap lines), personal grooming, and clothing practices
* Disruption of families through placement in distant schools with no home visits allowed
47
Sixties Scoop
welfare systems fostering/adopting out Aboriginal children to white families—fewer were being sent to residential schools and the welfare system emerged as new method of colonization—sometimes to different provinces or countries
48
A study in 1983 found that Aboriginal children were _____ times more likely to be in the welfare system than non-Ab
4.5
49
Historical Trauma
cumulative emotional and psychological wounding over the lifespan and across generations, emanating from massive group trauma (cluster of traumatic events)
50
Historical unresolved grief
is the multifaceted response to loss that accompanies trauma
51
Losses AP experienced as a result of massive group trauma as because of colonial policies:
* Loss of culture
* Loss of language
* Loss of heritage
* Loss of identity
* Loss of parenting skills
* Loss of land and livelihood
* Loss of autonomy and self-determination
* Intergenerational family violence
52
Kitimakisowin
Cree concept that describes the devastating effects of colonization of Aboriginal people
Refers to all kinds of poverty, and if they are not addressed adequately, risk for serious emotional, mental, physical and spiritual problems or even death
53
Five Areas of Kitimakisowin
The poverty of:
•Participation as result of marginalization
•Understanding as result of poor education
•Affection resulting from lack of support and recognition
•Subsistence as result of inadequate resources
•Identity given the imposition of alien values, beliefs, and systems on local and regional cultures
54
2 examples of how the Canadian government allows the effects of colonization to continue
* One of the first acts of the conservatives in 2006 was to set aside the recently signed Kelowna Accord that sough to establish a new relationship with gov and FN—Paul Martin endorsed it but it wasn’t implemented because the liberals got booted
* Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples—spent 5 years conducting research and consulting and received recommendations on how the federal government might change its relationship with FN people—nearly all were ignored
55
Statistics of AP in Canada in Present Day:
1. Over ______ people have identified as an Aboriginal person —____% of Canada’s total population
2. Aboriginal populations have increased by ___% between 2006 and 2011 compared to____% for non-Aboriginal
3. Aboriginal children aged 14 years and lower represent over _____ % of Aboriginal population and ___ % of all children in Canada
4. Aboriginal youth from ages 15-24 = ____% of total Aboriginal population and ____% of youth in Canada
5. Aboriginal populations are increasingly urban—___% live in urban areas—off reserve
6. The top three cities AP live in (highest population at top) # 1 Winnipeg, # 2 Edmonton, # 3 Vancouver. Also Toronto, Calgary, Saskatoon, Regina. Also smaller urban centers like Thompson, Prince Rupert, and Prince Albert
1. 1 million (1,400,685); 4.3%
2. 20.1%; 5.2%
3. 1/4 (28%); 7%
4. 18.2%; 5.9%
5. 54%
6. # 1 Winnipeg, # 2 Edmonton, # 3 Vancouver
56
4 reasons why are there so many Aboriginal now residing in urban centres.
* Lack of opportunities for education and employment
* Attempt to improve their overall living conditions and socioeconomic status
* Need for better HC services
* Need for better housing as consequence of inadequate housing in their home communities
57
Leading life aspiration of urban Aboriginal people is _______________—especially for those who are _______________
pursuing higher education
younger and less affluent
58
2 Risks those migrating to urban centres face:
* Racism, prejudice, poverty, and marginalization
| * Young urban Aboriginal women are at extremely high risk for sexual exploitation and violence
59
Are Aboriginal men or women more likely to migrate to larger municipalities? List 2 reasons why they may do so.
Aboriginal women
- seeking more opportunities for employment and education
- after a marital breakdown and spousal abuse or violence
60
Is living off-reserve or on-reserve associated with better health and well-being? What 3 problems in particular are higher in the less healthy setting?
off-reserve = better
more diabetes, high blood pressure and smokers on- reserve
61
As a nurse, important to keep in mind that there may be a tendency to view AP as ___________, ___________, or _______________.
disadvantaged, impoverished, and/or unemployed
62
Traditional Culture
Refers to knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, customs, and values that are important historically and contemporarily among a particular group of people—usually carried out by elders, traditional healers, and other designated people
-Affects health and well-being of a population
63
3 Key points about FN people and traditional cultures:
1. Despite negative affects of assimilation, many aspects of traditional culture continue to thrive
2. Can take many forms including attending community cultural events, visiting healer, speaking or understanding FN language, valuing traditional spirituality
3. Association between FN people’s participation in traditional culture with many benefits including greater perceived control over life, greater spiritual balance, less substance use and abuse, less depression
64
Urban Aboriginal people face challenges to cultural identity including these 3 things:
1. discrimination and racism
2. exclusion from opportunities for self-determination
3. difficulty finding culturally appropriate health services
65
The strength of AP came in 3 forms:
1. Resistance (to the assimilative practices)
2. Resilience (against harsh conditions)
3. Reclaiming of cultural traditions and language
66
What was one of the most frequently cited acts of resistance in residential schools?
Food theft
67
This is similar to the flexible, problem-solving behaviours and hallmarks of a resilient person
Resistance
68
Idle No More movement
* Resistance as indigenous nations and lands suffered impacts of exploration, invasion and colonization
* Assert indigenous inherent rights to sovereignty and reinstitute traditional indigenous laws and the treaties protecting the lands and waters from corporate destruction
69
A concept used to understand or explain positive adaptation to life despite hard conditions. It is passed on from one generation to the next
Resilience
70
Indigenous people’s stories are intellectual traditions that can do 3 things: disrupt colonial narratives of history, recognize injustice, celebrate resistance and envision the future
disrupt colonial narratives of history
recognize injustice
celebrate resistance and envision the future
71
AP set about reclaiming three things:
Identity, language and culture
72
Indigenous languages are the medium for the transmission and survival of: (6)
* Consciousness
* Cultures literature
* Histories
* Religions
* Political institutions
* Values
73
Reclaiming of language started in the early 1970s when _____________________
when FN started taking control of Indian education
74
Federal Indian Health Policy
* Developed in recognition of federal government responsibilities to Indians
* Preservation and enhancement of FN cultures and traditions
* HC provides nursing services in rural, remote and isolated communities
* 76 nursing stations and over 195 health centers serving more than 600 FN communities
* RNs collaborate with a team of HCPs and workers at local community health service system
* ½ of nurses are employed by First Nations band councils—FN entered agreements with Health Canada so they can admin their own health services
75
3 Pillars of Indian Health Policy
1. Community development (minimize and remove conditions of poverty and apathy)
2. Traditional relationship of the Indian people with the federal government (open communication and encouraging greater Indian involvement in planning, budgeting, and delivery of health programs)
3. The Canadian health system (complex and interdependent elements and participants includes federal, provincial, or municipal governments; Indian bands, and the private sector
76
Under the Federal Indian Health Policy, what are:
a) the three most significant federal roles
b) the two most significant provincial and private sector roles
c) the two most significant Indian community roles
```
a) Most significant federal roles:
• Public health activities on reserves
• Health promotion
• Identification and mitigation of environmental hazards
to health
```
b) Provincial and private sector roles:
• Diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic illness
• Rehabilitating the sick
c) Indian community roles:
• Health promotion
• Identifying specific needs of their community health
services
77
Nursing Stations vs. Health Centers
Nursing stations
•Remote and isolated communities south of the 60th parallel
•RNs use the primary health-care model to common health problems across the lifespan
•Health assessment, treatment, emergency services, health promotion/disease prevention
Health Centers
•FN communities in rural areas
•Work with community members to ID health priorities and plan programs to address them
•Based on public health principles
•Provide full range of community health programs with emphasis on health promotion, illness prevention and health protection across lifespan
78
Since 1989, who is responsible for health services in FN communities has been?
FN Communities (transferred from Health Canada)
79
Non-Insured Health Benefits Program (Health Canada)
Coverage for benefit claims for specified medically necessary drugs, care, supplies, equipments, etc for eligble FN people
80
Nursing student’s first task in working with the Aboriginal community is:
Develop understanding of political climate and societal attitudes about Aboriginal people and how society continues to perpetuate the stereotypes and negative attitudes
Nursing care is enhanced through learning about culture and history
81
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People
* Adopted by general assembly in 2007
* Individual and collective rights of indigenous people and rights to culture, identity, language, employment, health, education, etc.
* Prohibits discrimination
* Promotes participation in all matters that concern them
* Right to remain distinct and to pursue own visions of economic and social development
82
Effective communication = improved patient care and outcomes; therefore lack of ability to do so with Aboriginal patients is a __________________
patient safety issue
83
4 things that improve self-efficacy in students (working with AP):
* High quality education materials on history/health issues
* Personal relationships with AP
* Observation or participation in cultural events and traditions
* Clinical rotations involving Aboriginal people
84
Which two trends could you attribute to the projection that the Aboriginal population aged 65+ will more than double from 2001-2017
Improvement in life expectancy
Declines in fertility rates
85
What age group is most likely to have contact with a traditional healer and why?
Younger people. Maybe because older Aboriginal people affected by residential school system which = loss of tradition
86
_________________ play a significant role within nursing education and are a great source of information
Elders
87
6 Issues related to respect (of concern to both nurses and patients)
• Disrespect, prejudice, and discrimination
• Failure of HCP to consider patient perspective
• Failure to provide enough privacy
• Failure to provide adequate explanations for medical or
nursing procedures and results
• Use of harsh or condescending tone with elders,
patients, or family members
• Leaving clients to feel misunderstood, unaccepted and
lessened as individuals through verbal and nonverbal
behaviour by staff
88
To promote positive respectful relationships, nurses can use _________________ on establishing therapeutic relationships
best practice guidelines
89
RNAO 2 Recommendations promote positive relationships
1. Nurses need to have sufficient knowledge to participate effectively in relationships
2. Engage in self-reflection (this type of self reflection requires nurses to reflect on own cultural identity and practice in a way that affirms culture of clients)
90
Ziedler’s Themes to Build Authentic Relationships with Aboriginal people:
a. Listen
b. Be aware of impact of past
c. Learn about history and traditions
d. Share who you are
e. Learn from others who know about Aboriginal people
f. Know people and community before providing assessments
g. Be community-focused
h. Support traditional culture and language as appropriate
* *Understand local specific context
