Chapter 39 Flashcards
Interstitial fluid
Allows for the movement of material in and out of cells
Intracellular space and extra cellular space
Inside the cell
Outside the cell
Four main categories of tissue
Epithial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial tissue
Protection, transport, secretion and absorption of nutrients released by digestion of food
Connective tissue
Structural support
Muscle tissue
Movement
Nervous tissue
Communication, coordination and control
Where is the epithelial tissue
Outside the body and lines the organs and cavities within the bodies
Shape of epithelial tissue
Cuboidial- like dice
Columnar - like bricks
Squamous - like floor tiles
Stratified - multiple tiers of cells
Simple Squamous Epithelial
Description:
Locations:
Function:
Description: layer of flattened cells
Locations: blood vessel walls; air sacs of lungs
Function: diffusion
Connective tissue - 3 proteins
Collagenous fibers -strength and flexibility
Elastic fibers - stretch and snap back to their original length
Reticular fibers - Join connective tissue to adjacent tissues
Stratified squamous epithelium
Description:
Common locations:
Function:
Description: several layers of flattened cells
Locations: skin, mouth, esophagus, vagina - areas to abrasion
Function: protection against abrasion
Cuboidal epithelium
Description:
Common locations:
Function:
Description: layer of cube like cells
Common locations: glands and tubular parts of nephrons in kidneys
Functions: secretion and absorption
Columnar epithelium
Description:
Locations:
Function:
Description: layer of tall slender cells; free surface have microvilli
Locations: lining of gut and respiratory tract
Functions: secretion, absorption
Connective tissue functions
What are the cells like?
What’s in the matrix ?
Binds and supports other tissues
Cells: sparsely packed scattered throughout an extra cellular matrix
Matrix: fibers in a liquid, jelly like solid foundation
Connective tissue contains two cells
- fibroblasts - secrete the protein of extracellular fibers
- Macrophages - that are involved in the immune system
Vertebrates 6 major types of connective tissue
- Loose connective tissue
- Fiborous connective tissue
- Cartilage
- Bone
- Andipose tissue
- Blood
Loose connective tissue
Description:
Common locations:
Function:
Description: fibroblasts and other cells surrounded by collagen and elastin fibers forming a glycoprotein matrix
Location: under the skin and most epithelia
Functions: support, elasticity, diffusion
Fiborous connective tissue
Description:
Location:
Function:
Description: long rows of fibroblasts surrounded by collagen and elastin fibers in parallel bundles with dense ecm
Location: tendons, ligaments
Function : strength and elasticity
Connective tissue - Cartilage
Description:
Common locations:
Function:
Description: chondrocytes embedded in pliable, solid, matrix of collagen and chondrotin substrate
Location: ends of long bones, nose, airways, Skelton of vertebrate embryos
Function: support, flexibility, low friction surface for joint movement
How does muscle tissue work?
Muscle tissue consists of long cells called
muscle fibers, which contract in response to
nerve signals
3 types of muscle tissue?
- Skeletal muscle: or striated muscle, is
responsible for voluntary movement
– Smooth muscle: is responsible for involuntary
body activities
– Cardiac muscle: is responsible for contraction
of the heart
What does nervous tissue do?
senses stimuli and transmits
signals throughout the animal
Nervous tissue contains what?
-Neurons, or nerve cells, that transmit nerve impulses – Glial cells, or glia, that help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons
WHat does coordination and control depend on?
The endocrine system and the nervous system
How does the endocrine system work?
transmits chemical signals called hormones to receptive cells
throughout the body via blood
• A hormone may affect one or more regions
throughout the body
• Hormones are relatively slow acting, but can
have long-lasting effects
How does the nervous system work?
The nervous system transmits information
between specific locations
• The information conveyed depends on a
signal’s pathway, not the type of signal
• Nerve signal transmission is very fast
• Nerve impulses can be received by neurons, muscle cells, and endocrine cells
What is a regulator?
A regulator uses internal control mechanisms
to moderate internal change in the face of
external, environmental fluctuation
What is a conformer?
A conformer allows its internal condition to
vary with certain external changes
What is homeostasis?
to maintain a “steady state” or internal
balance regardless of external environment
Eg)
• In humans, body temperature, blood pH,
and glucose concentration are each maintained at a constant level
Mechanisms of homeostasis?
Mechanisms of homeostasis moderate
changes in the internal environment
• For a given variable, fluctuations above or
below a set point serve as a stimulus; these
are detected by a sensor and trigger a
response
• The response returns the variable to the set point, but these can change with age or a change in environment
