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Bio 133 > Chapter 39 > Flashcards

Chapter 39 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are adaptations?

A

Heritable traits that make individuals more likely to survive and reproduce

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2
Q

What is acclimatization?

A

A phenotype change that is not passed on to offspring

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3
Q

What is another name for acclimatization?

A

Acclimation

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4
Q

Is acclimatization reversible?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells that functions as a unit

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6
Q

4 types of tissues

A

Nervous, muscle, epithelial, connective

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7
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of? (2 things)

A

Neurons and supporting cells

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8
Q

What do neurons transmit?

A

Electrical signals

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9
Q

What are the two projections in neurons?

A

Dendrites and Axons

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10
Q

Are dendrites short or long? Receive or carry signals?

A

Short, receives signals from other neurons

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11
Q

Are axons short or long? Receive or carry signals?

A

Long, carry signals to other cells

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12
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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13
Q

What is skeletal tissue attached to?

A

Bones

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14
Q

What is skeletal muscle responsible for?

A

Bodily movements

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15
Q

Is skeletal muscle striated? Involuntary or voluntary control?

A

Striated, voluntary

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16
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found? (1 place)

A

Walls of heart

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17
Q

What is cardiac muscle responsible for?

A

Pumping blood throughout the body

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18
Q

What does the branching pattern of cardiac muscle allow for?

A

Coordinated contraction and relaxation of the heart

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19
Q

Is cardiac muscle striated? Involuntary or voluntary control?

A

Striated and involuntary control

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20
Q

Where is smooth muscle found? (2 places)

A

Lining of digestive tract, blood vessels

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21
Q

What is the role of smooth muscle?

A

Move food through the digestive tract and regulate blood pressure

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22
Q

Is smooth muscle striated? Involuntary or voluntary control?

A

Non-striated and involuntary control

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23
Q

Which muscle tissue is tapered at both ends?

A

Smooth muscle

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24
Q

Where is epithelial tissue found? (2 places)

A

Covers outside of body, inner surface of organs

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25
Q

What is the formal definition of an organ?

A

2+ tissue structure that serves a specialized function

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26
Q

What is the formal definition of a gland?

A

Organ that secretes molecules/solutions

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27
Q

What are the two types of epithelial tissue?

A

Simple and stratified

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28
Q

How thick is simple epithelium? Can substances move across easily?

A

Single cell layer thick. Substances move across regularly.

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29
Q

2 examples of where simple epithelium is found

A

Intestine and kidney ducts

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30
Q

How thick is stratified epithelium? Can substances move across easily?

A

Many cell layers thick. Substances cannot move across easily, so good for protection.

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31
Q

2 examples of where simple epithelium is found

A

Skin and vagina

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32
Q

What are the two sides of epithelium?

A

Apical and basolateral

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33
Q

Which side does the apical side face?

A

Faces environment

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34
Q

Which side does the basolateral side face?

A

Faces interior

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35
Q

What is the basolateral side connected to? By what?

A

Connective tissue. By the basal lamina

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36
Q

Is the lifespan of epithelium long or short?

A

Short

37
Q

What does connective tissue consist of?

A

Cells arranged in a matrix

38
Q

What is the matrix in connective tissue made of?

A

Extracellular fibers

39
Q

What are the three types of extracellular fibers?

A

Collagen, reticular fibers, elastin

40
Q

What is the purpose of collagen?

A

Strength and structural integrity

41
Q

How are reticular fibers arranged?

A

Like a net

42
Q

What is the purpose of elastin?

A

Stretching

43
Q

What are the 4 types of connective tissue?

A

Loose, dense, supporting, fluid

44
Q

What is the role of loose connective tissue?

A

Hold organs and tissues together, padding under skin

45
Q

What makes up the extracellular matrix of loose connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

46
Q

Where is dense connective tissue found?

A

Tendons and ligaments

47
Q

What makes up the extracellular matrix of dense connective tissue?

A

Collagen

48
Q

What makes up the hard extracellular matrix of supporting connective tissue?

A

Bone and cartilage

49
Q

What does the bone matrix in supporting connective tissue consist of? (2 things)

A

Collagen and calcium phosphate

50
Q

What does the cartilage matrix in supporting connective tissue consist of? (2 things)

A

Collagen and elastin

51
Q

In supporting connective tissue, is the bone matrix or the cartilage matrix more flexible?

A

Cartilage

52
Q

What is state of the fluid connective tissue extracellular matrix?

A

Liquid

53
Q

What is an example of fluid connective tissue?

A

Blood (plasma is the extracellular matrix)

54
Q

Formal definition of metabolism?

A

Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

55
Q

What is metabolic rate usually measured in terms of?

A

Oxygen consumption

56
Q

What is BMR?

A

Basal metabolic rate: rate of oxygen consumption at normal resting conditions

57
Q

Do smaller or larger animals have a higher BMR?

A

Smaller

58
Q

What are the three adaptations that increase surface area?

A

Flattening, folding, branching

59
Q

What is the formal definition of homeostasis?

A

stability in chemical and physical conditions within an organism

60
Q

Which type of tissue plays a major role in homeostasis?

A

Epithelia

61
Q

What is set point?

A

target range of values for a controlled variable

62
Q

What are the three components of a homeostatic system?

A

Sensor, integrator, effector

63
Q

What is the sensor?

A

Structure that senses the variable in an external/internal environment

64
Q

What does the integrator do? (2 things)

A
  1. Evaluates incoming sensory information
  2. Compares to the set point to see whether a response is needed to achieve homeostasis
65
Q

What is the effector?

A

Structure that restores the internal condition

66
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

Senses cooling and heating

67
Q

Homeostatic systems are based on which type of feedback?

A

Negative

68
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

Control of body temperature

69
Q

What are the four ways in which animals exchange heat with the environment?

A

Conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation

70
Q

What is conduction?

A

Transfer of heat between two physical bodies in contact with each other

71
Q

What is convection?

A

A type of conduction between a solid and a moving liquid/gas

72
Q

What is radiation?

A

Transfer of heat between two physical bodies not in contact with each other

73
Q

What is evaporation?

A

Liquid becomes a gas

74
Q

What is different about evaporation compared to the other three kinds of heat exchange?

A

Evaporation is the only one that leads to heat loss

75
Q

What is an endotherm?

A

Animal that produces heat to warm itself

76
Q

What are two upsides of being an endotherm?

A
  1. active in winter and at night
  2. sustain high levels of aerobic activity
77
Q

What is the main downside of being an endotherm?

A

Less energy available for reproduction

78
Q

What is an ectotherm?

A

Relies on heat from the environment

79
Q

What is an advantage of being an ectotherm?

A

More energy available for reproduction

80
Q

What are two disadvantages of being an ectotherm?

A
  1. slow muscle activity
  2. slow digestion
81
Q

Do endotherms or ectotherms have a higher BMR?

A

Endotherms

82
Q

What is a homeotherm?

A

Animal that keeps its body temperature constant

83
Q

What is a poikilotherm?

A

Animal with body temperature that rises or falls depending on the environment

84
Q

What is torpor?

A

Dropping BMR to allow body temp to drop

85
Q

What is hibernation?

A

Weeks/months of torpor

86
Q

What is estivation?

A

Prolonged torpor to escape dry/hot conditions

87
Q

How does a countercurrent exchanger work?

A

Fluids flow through adjacent pipes in opposite directions

88
Q

What is the purpose of a countercurrent exchanger?

A

Minimize heat loss

89
Q

What is an example of a countercurrent exchanger?

A

Whale tongue

Bio 133 (4 decks)

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