chapter 37 pharm 343 Flashcards
*albuterol (proventil)
SABA bronchodilator. loses its action in higher dosages.
*montelukast (singulair)
belongs to same subcategory of LTRAs. fewer adverse effects and drug interaction. preggo B.
*salmeterol (serevent)
is a LABA bronchodilator and never to be used for acute treatment. treatment of asthma and COPD. used with coticosteroids.
allergic asthma
bronchial asthma caused by hypersensitivity to an allergen.
allergen
any substance that evokes an allergic response.
alveoli
microscopic sacs in the lungs where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide.
antibodies
immunoglobulins produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigenic substances.
antigen
a substance that causes the formation of an antibody and reacts specifically with that antibody.
asthma attack
the onset of wheezing together with difficulty breathing.
bronchial asthma
the general term for recurrent and reversible shortness of breath resulting from narrowing of the bronchi and bronchioles; it is often referred to simply as asthma.
bronchodilators
medications that improve airflow by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle cells.
chronic bronchitis
chronic inflammation and low-grade infection of the bronchi.
emphysema
a condition of the lungs characterized by enlargment of the air spaces distal to the bronhcioles.
immunoglobulins
proteins belonging to any of five structurally and antigenically distinct classes of antibodies pressent in the serum and secretions. role in immune responses.
LRT
the division of the resp system composed of organs located almost entirely within the chest. treatment is to cause the airways to dilate.
URT
the division of the resp system composed of organs located outside of chest cavity.
resp diseases
they all involve the obstruction of airflow thru the airways. COPD is the name applied collectively to emphysema and chronic bronchitis becuz the obstruction is relatively constant. asthma that is persistant and prevent most of the time despite treatment is also considered COPD.
status asthmaticus
a prolonged asthma attack.
beta-adrenergic agonists
acute phase of an asthmatic attack to quickly reduce airway constriction and restore airflow to normal. LABA is not for emergency use and SABA is for emergency use. dilate the airways by stimulating beta 2 located thruout the lungs. nonselective adregernic stimulate beta 1 and 2 receptors. nonselective beta adregenic stimulate both beta 1 and 2. selective stimulate beta 2. when smooth muscle contracts, the airways are narowed and the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged is reduced. high normals cAMP causes smooth muscles to relax. decrease diastolic pressure. have a short half-life.
anticholinergics
treatment for COPD is ipratropium and tiotropium. directly causes airway dilation and reduce secretions in COPD. prevention of the bronchospasms and not for the management of acute symptoms. ipratropium preggo B and trotropium is preggo C. toxicity with other anticholinergic drugs.
Xanthine derivatives
bronchodilation by increasing the levels of the energy-producing substance cAMP. contribute to smooth muscle relaxation and also inhibit IgE induced release of the chemical mediators that drive an allergic reaction. dilate the airways with asthma, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema. adjunct drug in COPD. it is also used as a cardiac stimulant in infants with bradycardia and for resp drive in infants. their use with sympathomimetics or even caffeine can produce additive cardiac and CNS stimulation.
asthma
symptoms include wheezing and difficulty breathing. intrinsic-occuring with no allergies. extrinsic- exposed to allergen. there is also exercise and drug induced. the antibody is IGE. inflammatory mediators and triggers swelling and bronchoconstriction. ppl have bronchospasm beginning exercise and when it is stopped. drug can be from NSAIDS, beta blockers, sulfites, and foods.
Leukotriene receptor antagonists
were the first class of asthma meds. keukotriene cause inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus production. in turn causes coughing, wheezing, and SOB. primary limited to the lungs. prevent leukotrienes from attaching to receptors located on circulating immune cells as well as local immune cells within the lungs. reducing inflammation, prevent muscle contraction and decrease mucus. long-term treatment and prevention of asthma in adults and children 12 years and older.
chronic bronchitis
is a continuous inflammation and low-grade infection of the bronchi. responsible for most airway obstruction. involves excessive secretion of mucus and certain pathologic changes in the bronchial sturcture. impariment of the enzymes damage the airway mucosal tissues.
