Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PAS- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY > Chapter 36 > Flashcards

Chapter 36 Flashcards

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

1
Q

signs and symptoms of pulmonary disease

  • _____ and _____
  • pulmonary disease is associated with many sings and symptoms, and their specific characteristics often help in identifying the underlying disorder. the most common characteristics are _____ and _____
hemoptysis
abnormal sputum
cyanosis
chest pain
clubbing 
altered breathing patterns
hyperventilation
hypoventilation
A

dyspnea
cough
dyspnea
cough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q 
sings and symptoms of pulmonary disease
dyspnea
-subjective sensation of \_\_\_\_\_
-severe dyspnea
--\_\_\_\_\_ of the nostrils
--use of \_\_\_\_\_ of respiration
--retraction of the \_\_\_\_\_
  • dyspnea on exertion
  • -_____ with activity
  • _____: sitting up in a forward leaning position generally relieves which breathing
  • -orthopnea is generally relieved by _____ in a _____ or supporting the upper body on _____
A 
uncomfortable breathing
flaring
accessory muscles 
intercostal spaces
SOB
orthopnea 
sitting up
forward leaning posture
several pillows
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

signs and symptoms of pulmonary disease
hypoventilation
-_____ is inadequate in relationship to the _____
-leads to _____ from _____
-is caused by _____, _____, or altered neurologic control of _____

A 
alveolar ventilation
metabolic demands
respiratory acidosis
hypercapnia/high CO2 levels
airway obstruction
chest wall restriction
breathing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q 
signs and symptoms of pulmonary diseases
hyperventilation
-\_\_\_\_\_ exceeds the \_\_\_\_\_
-leads to \_\_\_\_\_ from \_\_\_\_\_
-is caused by \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, or severe \_\_\_\_\_
A 
alveolar ventilation
metabolic demands
respiratory alkalosis 
hypocapnia/low CO2 levels
anxiety
head injury
hypoxemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

clubbing

  • clubbing is the selective _____ of the end (_____) of a _____ and is commonly associated with diseases that interfere with _____ such as:
  • -_____, _____, _____, _____, and _____
A 
bulbous enlargement
distal segment
digit
oxygenation
bronchiectasis
cystic fibrosis 
pulmonary fibrosis 
lung abscess
congenital heart disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

conditions caused by pulmonary disease or injury
hypoxemia vs hypoxia
-PaO2: oxygenation of _____
-PAO2: the amount of oxygen in the _____

  • the _____ is a measure of the difference between the alveolar concentration of oxygen and the arterial concentration of oxygen. it is used in diagnosing the source of _____
  • measurement helps isolate the location of the problem as either _____ (within the lungs) or _____ (somewhere else in the body)
A 
arterial blood
alveoli
alveolar-arterial gradient
hypoxemia
intrapulmonary
extrapulmonary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

reduced oxygenation of cells in tissues

A

hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

reduced oxygenation of arterial blood (reduced _____), is caused by respiratory alternation

A

hypoxemia

PaO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

conditions caused by pulmonary disease or injury hypoxemia vs hypoxia

  • _____: or reduced oxygenation of arterial blood (reduced PaO2) is caused by _____
  • _____ of _____ through the _____ is impaired if the alveolocapillary membrane is _____ or if the surface area available for _____ is _____
  • _____ and _____ cause hypoxemia by the mechanism of abnormal _____, as occurs with _____ (tissue swelling) and _____ (formation of fibrous lesions), _____ the time required for _____ across the _____ membrane so bottom line point this causes of impairing _____
A 
hypoxemia
respiratory alternation
diffusion
oxygen
alveolocapillary membrane 
thickened 
diffusion
decreased
pulmonary edema
pulmonary fibrosis
thickness
pulmonary edema
pulmonary fibrosis 
increases
diffusion 
alveolocapillary
alveolocapillary membrane diffusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q 
pleural abnormalities 
pleural effusion
-presence of \_\_\_\_\_ in the \_\_\_\_\_
-\_\_\_\_\_ effusion
--is \_\_\_\_\_ and diffuses out of the \_\_\_\_\_
  • _____ effusion
  • -is less _____ and contains high concentrations of _____ and _____
A 
fluid
pleural space
transudative 
watery
capillaries
exudate
watery
white blood cells
plasma proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

exudative effusion

  • exudative effusion contains high concentrations of _____
  • exudative effusion may occur in response to an _____
  • the presence of a _____ can trigger exudative effusion
  • exudative effusion is a result of _____
A

white blood cells
inflammatory process
malignant cancer
increased capillary permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pleural abnormalities
empyema
-infected _____
-_____ in the _____: causes pulmonary infections (_____, _____), infected _____

clinical manifestations
-_____, _____, _____ (rapid heart rate), _____, and _____

treatment

  • administration of _____
  • drainage of the _____ with a _____
  • severe cases: _____, instillation of _____, or _____ (_____) injected into the _____
A 
pus
pleural space 
pneumonia 
abcesses
wounds
cyanosis 
fever
tachycardia
cough
pleural pain
antimicrobial medications
pleural space 
chest tube
ultrasound-guided pleural drainage 
fibrinolytic agents
deoxyribonuclease 
DNase
pleural space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

restrictive lung diseases

  • restrict the _____
  • the lungs are unable to _____ normally, diminishing the amount of _____ that can be _____

obstructive lung diseases

  • affect _____
  • _____ into and out of the lung is _____. increased resistance to air flow caused by _____
A 
lung volume
expand
gas
inspired
gas flow
airflow
obstructed 
narrowing of airways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CXR abnormalities terms

  • _____ and _____: air trapping in the _____ and _____
  • _____ or _____: _____ of lung tissue
  • _____ or _____: cavities
  • _____: nodules
A 
asthma and emphysema
alveoli 
airways
pneumonia 
pulmonary edema 
consolidation 
accesses or tuberculosis
lung cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

restrictive lung disorders

  • aspiration
  • _____
  • bronchiectasis, bronchitis
  • _____
  • inhalational disorders
  • pneumoconiosis
  • allergic alveolitis
  • _____
  • _____
A

atelectasis
pulmonary fibrosis
pulmonary edema
acute respiratory distress syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

atelectasis
-a loss of _____ caused by _____ of _____ and subsequent collapse of part of the _____

etiology:

  1. obstructive (e.g. _____)
  2. non obstructive- _____
  3. pneumothorax
  4. surfactant deficiency
  5. _____ (_____)
  6. asbestosis
A 
lung volume
deflation
alveoli
lung
tumor
pleural effusion
postoperative 
within 72 hours of surgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

atelectasis

  • _____ of _____
  • compression atelectasis
  • -_____ on the _____
  • absorption atelectasis
  • -gradual absorption of _____ from _____ or _____
  • surfactant impairment
  • -_____ production or inactivation of _____

clinical manifestations
-_____, _____, _____, and _____

  • treatment: _____
  • -_____
A 
collapse
lung tissue
external compression
lung
air
obstructed 
hypoventilated alveoli
decreased
surfactant
dyspnea
cough
fever
leukocytosis
prevention
deep breathing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_____ supine left lung _____ in _____

A

atelectasis
reduced
volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

restrictive lung disorders
pulmonary fibrosis
-excessive amount of _____ or _____ in the _____
-_____: no specific cause
–clinical manifestations: increasing _____ on _____

  • treatment
  • -_____; combined treatment with _____ drugs; _____ drugs such as (_____ and _____), interferon, and _____ agents; _____
A 
fibrous
connective 
lung
idiopathic
dyspnea
exertion
corticosteroids
cytotoxic
antifibrotic
N acetylcysteine 
pirfenidone
anticoagulant 
lung transplantation
20
Q

restrictive lung disorders
pulmonary edema
-excess _____ in the lung from disturbances of _____, _____, or _____
-most common cause of pulmonary edema: _____
-clinical manifestations: _____, _____, _____, and increased work of _____

A 
water
capillary hydrostatic pressure
capillary oncotic pressure
capillary permeability
left-sided heart disease
dyspnea
orthopnea
hypoxemia
breathing
21
Q

pulmonary edema
-perihilar, _____ shadow of _____ or _____ appearance. the hatched lines are the _____ (_____ which represent prominent _____ vessels)

A 
interstitial opacities
butterfly
bat wings
septal lines
kerley lines
interlobular lymphatic
22
Q

kerley b lines

  • these are _____ lines at the lung _____. these lines represent _____ which are usually less than 1 cm in length and parallel to one another at _____ to the _____
  • they are located peripherally in contact with the _____, but are generally absent along _____
  • they may be seen in any zone but are most frequently observed at the _____ at the _____ on the PA radiograph
A 
short parallel
periphery 
interlobular septa
right angles
pleura
pleura
fissural surfaces
lung bases
costophrenic angles
23
Q 
restrictive lung disorders
ARDS
-\_\_\_\_\_ (ALI) or \_\_\_\_\_ (ARDS)
--is a \_\_\_\_\_ form of \_\_\_\_\_ characterized by \_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_
--injury to the \_\_\_\_\_
--increased \_\_\_\_\_
--inflammation
--\_\_\_\_\_
--edema and atelectasis
A 
acute lung injury
acute respiratory distress syndrome
fulminant 
respiratory failure
acute lung inflammation
diffuse alveolocapillary injury
pulmonary capillary endothelium
capillary permeability
surfactant inactivation
24
Q

ARDS pathophysiology

  • in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), _____ and _____ fill with _____ as a result of inactivation of _____ and the impairment of _____
  • _____ release inflammatory mediators such as _____, _____, _____, and _____
A 
alveoli
respiratory bronchioles
fluid
surfactant 
type II alveolar cells
neutrophils
proteolytic enzymes
oxygen-free radicals
prostaglandins
leukotrienes
platelet activating factor
25
Q

obstructive pulmonary diseases

name the 4

A

asthma
chronic bronchitis
emphysema
chronic bronchitis plus emphysema equals chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

26
Q

obstructive pulmonary disease

  • airway obstruction is worse with expiraton
  • disease requires _____ to _____ a _____
A

more force
expire
volume of air

27
Q

asthma

  • pathophysiology
  • -episodic attacks of bronchospasm, bronchial inflammation, mucosal edema, and increased mucous production
  • early asthmatic response
  • -_____ (_____), may contribute to the pathophysiologic characteristics of asthma
  • -_____ that are produced by asthma:
  • -_____
  • -_____
  • -_____
  • -_____
  • late asthmatic response
  • begins 4-8 hours after the early response
  • chemotactic recruitment of lymphocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils occurs
  • -the release of _____ contributes to _____
  • clinical manifestations
  • -_____ and _____, _____, _____, and _____
A 
immunoglobulin E IgE
inflammatory mediators
histamine
bradykinin
leukotrienes
prostaglandins 
toxic neuropeptides
increased bronchial hyper responsiveness 
inspiratory
expiratory wheezing
dyspnea
nonproductive cough
tachypnea
28
Q

chronic bronchitis
_____- _____ is more severe
-hypersecretion of mucus and chronic productive cough that lasts at least 3 months of the year and for at least 2 consecutive years

pathophysiology:
-the production of _____ associated with chronic bronchitis is due to _____ in _____

clinical manifestations:

  • _____
  • _____ and _____
  • _____ (_____) becomes _____
  • polycythemia
  • decreased FEV1

treatment
-_____: disease _____ can be _____

A 
blue bloaters
hypoxia
mucus 
increased
goblet cell size
decreased exercise tolerance
wheezing
shortness of breath
productive cough
smokers cough
copious
smoking cessation 
progression
halted
29
Q

emphysema
_____, _____ breathing, _____
-abnormal permanent _____ of the _____ accompanied by the _____ of the _____ without _____
-loss of _____
-primary emphysema: inherited deficiency of the enzyme _____
-secondary emphysema: _____: main cause
–air pollution, occupational exposures, and childhood respiratory infections: possible contributors

clinical manifestations:
-include _____, _____ on _____, use of _____, and _____ with _____

treatment:
-the initial step in the management of emphysema: _____

A 
pink puffer
pursed lip
barrel chest
enlargement
gas-exchange airways 
destruction 
alveolar walls
obvious fibrosis 
elastic recoil
a1-antitrypsin
cigarette smoke
unexplained weight loss
dyspnea
exertion
accessory muscles
tachypnea
prolonged expiration
smoking cessation
30
Q

emphysema
_____ means that it is filled with more air than usual. this is a common finding in someone with _____. the hyperinflation also causes the _____

lateral chest xray: the _____ of the _____ are significantly _____. the thorax can be described as a _____

A 
hyper inflated lungs
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
flattened diaphragms
domes
diaphragm 
flattened 
barrel chest
31
Q 
lung infections
pneumonia 
-infection of the \_\_\_\_\_
-responsible for more disease and death than any other infection
-community-acquired pneumonia: \_\_\_\_\_
-health-care associated pneumonia
-hospital-acquired (\_\_\_\_\_) pneumonia
-ventilator-associated pneumonia
A

lower respiratory tract
streptococcus pneumoniae
nosocomial

32
Q 
pneumonia
community acquired (CAP)
-\_\_\_\_\_
-\_\_\_\_\_
-\_\_\_\_\_
A

streptococcus pneumoniae
H. influenza
moraxella catarrhalis

33
Q 
pneumonia
ventilator-associated (VAP)
-\_\_\_\_\_
-\_\_\_\_\_
-\_\_\_\_\_
A 
pseudomonas
staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
klebsiella
34
Q 
pneumonia
health care associated (HCAP)
\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_
A 
pseudomonas 
staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
klebsiella
35
Q 
pneumonia
hospital acquired (HAP)
-has the greatest \_\_\_\_\_
-\_\_\_\_\_
-\_\_\_\_\_
-\_\_\_\_\_
A

mortality
pseudomonas
staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
klebsiella

36
Q

pneumonia
routes of infection
-_____
-most common route of _____ is via _____ of _____

A

aspiration
lower respiratory tract infection
aspiration
oropharyngeal secretions

37
Q

streptococcus pnemoniae

  • streptococcus pneumonia
  • -ALI, resulting in _____ and _____, causes _____
  • -_____ creates a medium for the multiplication of _____ and aids in spreading infection into adjacent portions of the lung
  • -involved lobe undergoes _____
  • -four phases:
    1. _____
    2. _____
    3. _____
    4. _____
A 
inflammatory cytokines
cells
alveolar edema
edema
bacteria
consolidation
consolidation
red hepatization
gray hepatization
resolution
38
Q

pneumonia
_____ pneumonia
-is seasonal; usually mild and self limiting
-can set the stage for a secondary bacterial infection
-most common form: _____

A

viral

influenza

39
Q

pneumonia

  • clinical manifestations:
  • for streptococcus pneumonia look for _____ of _____ preceded by an _____, followed by _____, _____ (_____ or _____)

treatment:

  • bacterial pneumonia: _____
  • viral pneumonia: _____ alone, unless _____ is present
A 
rapid onset
shaking chills
upper respiratory infection
fever pleuritic chest pain
productive cough
yellow-ish green 
rust
antibiotics 
supportive therapy 
secondary bacterial infection
40
Q

tuberculosis
pathophysiology:
-isolation of _____ by enclosing them in _____ and surrounding the _____ with _____

A

bacilli
tubercles
tubercles
scar tissue

41
Q

tuberculosis
how the body walls off the bacilli
-in tuberculosis, the body walls off the bacilli in a tubercle by stimulating _____ that activate _____
-in defense, _____ and _____ release _____, which inhibits the replication of the _____ and stimulates more _____ to attack the _____. _____ can also activate _____

A 
apoptotic infected macrophages 
cytotoxic t cells
macrophages
lymphocytes
interferon
microorganism
macrophages
bacterium
apoptotic infected macrophages 
cytotoxic t cells
42
Q

tuberculosis

a patchy dense _____ can be seen in the _____

A

infiltrate

left upper lobe

43
Q

acute bronchitis

  • is an acute infection or inflammation of airways or bronchi; commonly follows a _____
  • causes symptoms similar to _____ but does not demonstrate _____ and _____
  • clinical manifestations:
  • -_____ occurs in paroxysms and is aggravated by _____, _____, or _____
  • treatment:
  • -rest, _____, humidity, and _____ (codeine)
A 
viral illness
pneumonia
pulmonary consolidation
chest infiltrates
nonproductive cough
cold
dry
dusty air
aspirin
cough suppressant
44
Q

pulmonary embolus causes alveolar dead space
-a pulmonary embolus that impairs _____ to a segment of the _____ results in an area where _____ are _____ but not _____, which causes _____

A 
blood flow
lungs
alveoli
ventilated 
perfused
alveolar dead space
45
Q

aging and the pulmonary system

  • loss of _____
  • _____ of the _____
A

elastic recoil
stiffening
chest wall

PAS- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions