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PAS- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY > CHAPTER 2 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2 Flashcards

Altered Cellular Tissue and Biology

1
Q 
cellular injury 
sudden \_\_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_\_ in atmospheric pressure
-\_\_\_\_\_ injury
-\_\_\_\_\_ sickness or \_\_\_\_\_ disease
--"the bends," \_\_\_\_\_ are formed by bubbles of \_\_\_\_\_
-high altitude illness
--high-altitude \_\_\_\_\_
--high-altitude \_\_\_\_\_
--acute mountain sickness
A 
increase 
decrease
blast
decompression 
caisson
diver-disease emboli
nitrogen 
pulmonary edema
cerebral edema
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2
Q
  • _____ necrosis
  • -_____ infection
  • -combination of coagulative and liquefactive necroses
  • -_____ looking substance that is walled off
A

caseous
tuberculosis pulmonary
cheese

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3
Q
  • _____ necrosis:
  • -clinical term
  • -dry vs wet gangrene
  • -gas gangrene
  • -_____ is associated with _____
A

gangrenous
wet gangrene
liquefactive necrosis

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4
Q

marijuana smoking
-Approximately _____ of the potent agents are absorbed through the lungs; when marijuana is ingested, however, only _____ is absorbed. With heavy marijuana use, the following adverse effects have been reported:

alterations of _____, _____ and _____ impairment (e.g., inability to judge time, speed, distance

smoking three or four joints per day is similar to smoking 20 cigarettes per day, in relation to the frequency of chronic bronchitis and may contribute to _____

Data from animal studies only, indicate reproductive changes that include reduced _____,
decreased _____, and decreased _____

fetal abnormalities including _____ and increased frequency of childhood _____

increased frequency of infectious illness, which is thought to be the result of _____ and _____ immunity

A 
50%
10%
sensory perceptions
cognitive
psychomotor 
lung cancer
fertility
sperm motility
circulatory testosterone 
low birth weight
leukemia
depressed cell-mediated
humoral
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5
Q

_____:

  • is programmed cellular death
  • is characterized by “dropping off” cellular fragments called _____
  • is the active process of cellular _____
  • can occur _____ or _____
  • dysregulated apoptosis
  • -is _____ or _____
  • -can lead to _____, _____ disorders, _____ diseases, and ischemic injury
A 
apoptosis 
apoptotic bodies
destruction
normally
pathologically
excessive
not enough
cancer
autoimmune
neurodegenerative
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6
Q

lead

  • lead poisoning interferes with the function of _____
  • the organs that are affected by lead consumption are _____ and _____
  • lead causes damage within the cell by interfering with the action of _____
A

neurotransmitters
bones
pancreas
calcium

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7
Q

cellular injury

  • ethanal (alcohol)
  • results in major _____, especially _____
  • is metabolized in the _____
  • has a protective effect with the _____ system, up to a point
  • acute alcoholism affects primarily the _____
  • chronic alcoholism affects primarily the _____ and _____
  • -alcohol-induced liver disease (fatty _____, alcoholic _____, _____)
  • -acute _____
  • can cause _____
A 
nutritional deficienies 
folate
liver
cardiovascular
central nervous system (CNS)
liver 
stomach
liver
hepatitis
cirrhosis 
gastritis 
fetal alcohol syndrome
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8
Q

pathologic hyperplasia

  • pathologic hyperplasia can occur in response to _____ and _____
  • pathologic hyperplasia produces an abnormal _____ of _____
  • _____ refers to abnormal changes in the _____, _____, and _____ of _____ cells
  • _____ enables organ regeneration and is a _____ process
  • pathologic hyperplasia is _____
  • pathologic hyperplasia increases _____
  • _____ is an increase in the size of cells and consequently in the size of the affected _____
A 
hormones 
growth factors
proliferation 
cells
dysplasia
size 
shape 
organization
mature
compensatory hyperplasia
normal
not normal
cell number
hypertrophy
organ
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9
Q 
cellular adaptation 
hypertrophy:
-caused by \_\_\_\_\_ work demand or \_\_\_\_\_
--trigger signals: \_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_
-physiologic-growth- the \_\_\_\_\_ enlarge during \_\_\_\_\_ primarily as a consequence of \_\_\_\_\_
-pathologic

hyperplasia
-caused by increased rate of _____
physiologic- after ovulation, the _____ cells divide under the influence of _____
–compensatory: allows organs to _____; removal of part of the _____ leads to remaining liver cells undergoing _____

A 
increased
hormones
mechanical 
trophic
mammary glands 
pregnancy
hormonal
cellular division
uterine endometrial
estrogen
regenerate
liver
compensatory
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10
Q 
cellular injury
free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS)- \_\_\_\_\_
-\_\_\_\_\_ atom or group of atoms having an \_\_\_\_\_
-results in \_\_\_\_\_
-types of damage:
--\_\_\_\_\_
--alteration of \_\_\_\_\_
--alteration of \_\_\_\_\_
-mechanisms for \_\_\_\_\_ of free radicals 
-\_\_\_\_\_ stress
A 
oxidative stress
electrically uncharged
unpaired electron
membrane damage 
lipid peroxidation
proteins
DNA
inactivation
mitochondrial oxidative
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11
Q

free radicals

-giving up an _____, which causes _____ to the _____ of the _____

A

electron
injury
chemical bonds
cell membrane

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12
Q

cellular adaptation
-is the cells response to escape and protect itself from _____
-adaptive changes in cells:
_____: decrease in cell size
_____: increase in cell size
_____: increase in cell number
_____: reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type
_____: deranged cellular growth; it is not a true cellular adaptation but rather an _____

A 
injury 
atrophy
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
metaplasia 
dysplasia
atypical hyperplasia
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13
Q
  • _____ necrosis:
  • -neurons and glial cells in the brain
  • -hydrolytic enzymes form _____ or forms _____
A

liquefactive
liquid-filled cysts
pus

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14
Q

cellular injury
lead:
-exposure during _____ can result in _____, _____, and _____ problems
-,most common source is _____ in _____ (children) and at _____ (adults)
-toxicity affects _____ and _____
-_____ is the key
-treatment may include _____

A 
neurologic development 
learning disorders
hyperactivity
attention problems
paint
older homes 
work
central
peripheral nervous systems
prevention
chelation therapy
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15
Q

cellular injury

  • leads to injury of _____ and _____, determining _____ of disease
  • injured cells may recover (_____) or die (_____)
  • causes _____
  • is _____ or _____ and _____ or _____
  • can involve _____, _____, _____, _____, or pathologic _____

causes:

  • lack of _____
  • _____
  • caustic or toxic _____
  • _____ agents
  • _____ and _____
  • _____ and immune responses
  • _____ factors
  • insufficient _____
  • _____ from many causes
A 
tissues 
organs
structural patterns
reversible injury
irreversible injury
cell stress
acute 
chronic 
reversible 
irreversible 
necrosis
apoptosis
autophagy
accumulation
calcification
oxygen
free radicals 
chemicals 
infectious
unintentional 
intentional injury
inflammatory 
genetic
nutrients
physical trauma
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16
Q

heat exhaustion

-_____ occurs because of the loss of _____ and _____

A

hemoconcentration
salt
water

17
Q

cellular injury
carbon monoxide
-is _____ and _____
-produces _____ injury
–directly reduces the _____ capacity of blood, and promotes _____
–CO’s affinity for hemoglobin is _____ greater than that of _____; it quickly binds with the hemoglobin, preventing oxygen molecules from doing so

A 
colorless
odorless
hypoxic 
oxygen-carrying
tissue hypoxia
200
oxygen
18
Q 
cellular injury 
temperature extremes and climate change 
-hyporthermic injury
--slows \_\_\_\_\_
--produces \_\_\_\_\_
-hyperthermic injury
--\_\_\_\_\_ cramps; \_\_\_\_\_; \_\_\_\_\_
--malignant hyperthermia; neuroleptic malignant syndrome 
--\_\_\_\_\_ hyperthermia 
--\_\_\_\_\_
--overheating; sudden infant death syndrome
A 
cellular metabolic processes
reactive oxygen species
heat
heat exhaustion
heat stroke
drug-induced
burns
19
Q

cellular death

  • two types of cellular death
    1. _____
  • includes _____ changes
    2. _____- programmed cell death of scattered, single cells
  • no _____ changes
  • type 1- cell death (_____)
  • type 2- _____ cell death
A 
necrosis
inflammatory
apoptosis
inflammatory
caspases
autophagic
20
Q

cellular death: types of necrosis

  • _____: this type of necrosis results from either severe ischemia or chemical injury
  • -_____, _____, and _____
  • -_____ denaturation
  • -abnormality in intracellular _____
A 
coagulative necrosis
kidneys
heart
adrenal glands
protein 
calcium
21
Q
  • _____ necrosis
  • -breast, pancreas, other abdominal organs
  • -action of lipases
  • -_____: is a type of necrosis associated with pulmonary TB
A

fat

bacteriologic necrosis

22
Q

what is blunt force?

  • blunt force injuries are the result of _____, _____, or _____ types of injuries, resulting in bruises for example to the upper arm, resulting from a fall. _____ sustained in a skiing accident and _____ caused by a punch caused by a physical fight, _____, and _____ caused by blows or impact
  • _____ injuries include cuts
  • gunshot wounds require the _____ of the skin and _____ by a bullet
A 
tearing
shearing
crushing
simple tibia fracture
spleen laceration 
fractures
lacerations
sharp force
penetration
muscle
23
Q

cellular adaptation

  • _____: modification in the shape of a specific cell type
  • -refers to abnormal changes in the _____, _____, and _____ of mature cells
  • -can be called _____
  • -does not indicate
  • _____:
  • -is the reversible replacement of one mature cell by another less mature cell type
  • -replacement of _____ cells by _____
  • -is a _____ of _____
A 
dysplasia
size 
shape 
organization 
atypical hyperplasia 
cancer
metaplasia
normal bronchial columnar ciliated epithelial cells
stratified squamous epithelial cells
reprogramming
stem cells

PAS- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (17 decks)

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