Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

molekylær biologi > chapter 35 immune system > Flashcards

chapter 35 immune system Flashcards

1
Q

how many antibodies and T-cell receptors

A

10^8 and 10^12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

phagocytes are components of the ….. immune system

A

innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the receptors in the innate immune system called what about the structure

A

Toll like receptor (TLR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

TLR can be found …….. the cell

A

inside and outside the cells
extracellular domain with leucin-rich repeats capped by cystein rich repeat. a single transmembrane helix and an intracellular domain for effector functions though it os not a kinase but a docking site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

PAMP

A

pathogen associated molecular pattern on pathogens targeted by TLRs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lipopolysaccarid is recognised by

A

TLR4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why does in the innate system provide rapid responses

A

because the TLRs receptors and other components of innate system are expressed at all times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mutations ……. block recognition by TLRs

A

cannot easily without comprimising the virulence of the pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do leucin rich repeats recognise and bind to the PAMPs

A

each contribute a beta strand and all of them form a parallel B-strand that form a hook structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The responses of the adaptive immune system

A

humoral producing antibodies by plasma cells

cellular response cytotoxic T-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

immunogen

A

The binding of a foreign molecule that stimulates immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A B cell and an epitope

A

each B cell produces one type of antibody that can recognise a single epitope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T-cell receptors coevolved with MHCs why?

A

to ensure that the T-cells can scan all cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what type of cells that can perform in both the humoral repsonse and the cellular response

A

Helper T-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the major antibody in serum is

A

IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the protein that has proteolytic action on antibodies

A

papain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fab consists of

A

an entire L-chain + a half H-chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

segmental flexibility

A

the antibody (fab segments) bind to match the distance between the two epitopes on the antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Immunoglobulins and their light and heavy chains

A 
light: kappa og lambda 
Heavy: 
IgM: mu 
IgG: gamma 
IgA: alpha 
IgE: epsilon 
IgD: delta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The major class antibody present in external secretions

A

IgA, the first line of defence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

IgE functions

A

against parasites and in allergic responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the variable and constant regions of antibodies

A

the amino terminal of each chain with 3 stretches of 7-12 variable amino acids
the constant regions are the carboxyl-terminal regions in both chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does an immunoglobulin fold consist of

A

of a pair of beta sheets composed of antiparallel beta strands surrounding a hydrophobic and linked by hydrophobic interactions and a disulfid-bond a hypervariable loop found at the top at the N-terminal end

24
Q

how many CDRs participate in the binding of phosphorylcholine

A

5

25
Q

Antigen -binding sites are ….

A

malleable can accomodate many more kinds of ligands induced fit

26
Q

Gene segments for kappa light chain what chromosome

A

40 V 5 J 1 C

2

27
Q

The recombination between V and J genes happen several bases near …..

A

the codon of resiude 95

28
Q

J segment is important in antibody diversity because

A

it encodes the last part of the hypervariable region CDR3

29
Q

Gene segments for lambda light chain

A

30 4 4

22

30
Q

Gene segments for the high chains

A

chromosome 14
51 V 6J 27 D 8C

J is joined to D
V is joined to DJ
VDJ to C

31
Q

why is the H-chain mor diverse

A

because three recombination segments are used abd CD3 in H-chain can be diversified by the action of dexoyribonucleotidyl transferase a special DNA polymerase with no template; inserts extra nucleotides between VH and D

32
Q

which enzymes are responsible for recombination of DNA and forming light and heavy chains

A

RAG-1 and RAG-2

recognise recombination signal sequences adjacent to V, D, and J segements

33
Q

The amino terminus of Ig-alpha-Ig-B

A

immunoglobulin fold

34
Q

what phosphorylates ITAMs in B-cells

A

Immunoreceptor tyrosine based activation motif

lyn

35
Q

what recognised phosphorylated ITAMs in B-cells

A

Syk (spleen tyrosin kinase) has two SH2 domains

36
Q

a powerful suppressor of the immune system, inhibits , a

A

cyclosporin,
calcineurin
phosphatase which normally activates a transcription factor called NF-AT
by dephosphorylating it.

37
Q

what does Syk do

A

and activates other signal transducting proteins also has
inhibitory subunit of the transcription factor NF-B and
an isoform of phospholipase C.

activation of gene expression and further B-cell differentiation

38
Q

how are small molecules detected by the immunsystm

A

detected by attaching them to keyhole limpet hemocyanin

39
Q

antigen-binding specificity is conserved in class switching

A

because the entire VHDJH gene is translocated

in an intact form

40
Q

what is the constant region changed in class switching

A

to mediate different effector functions

41
Q

MHC 1 and fragments of peptides

A

enters the ER through TAP (Transport associated with antigen processing), the peptide is attached to MHC1 protein and then targeted to the cell membrane

42
Q

each person expresses as many as ….. MHC 1 -class-proteins

A

6

43
Q

Peptides recognised by HLA-A2

A

8-10 aminoacids and have a leucin and valine in the second and last positions respectively

44
Q

MHC-peptide complexes are ……. in terms of dissocation considerations

A

kinetically stable. once bound. the peptide is not released

45
Q

which loop is the genetic diversity concentrated in, in T-receptors

A

CD3

46
Q

The peptides presented in MHC II come from

A

outside the cell taken in by endocytosis

47
Q

from which genes do helper T-cells produce their T-receptors

A

from the same genes utilised by cytotoxic T-cells

48
Q

peptides presented by MHC II

A

13-18 aminosyrer

49
Q

what helper T-cells produce when recognising a certain MHCII

A

the secretion of cytokines

50
Q

loci for class I and class II genes

A

HLA-A,-B and-C

HLA-DP,-DQ,-DR

51
Q

Thymocytes produced in the bone marrow don’t express

A

T-cell receptor complexes nor CD4 or CD8

52
Q

positive selection

A

only the ones that can bind MHC proteins with relative affinity can survive

53
Q

negative selection

A

the ones the attack the organism’s own components are eliminated

54
Q

when are the CD4 and CD8 expressed in terms of selections

A

after the negative selection when they survive both selections

55
Q

Types of vaccines

A

1- killed or inactivated (pathogens rendered harmless by chemical agents
2- live attenuated (accumulated mutations; no longer virulent to human cells)
subunit vaccines (purified protein component of the pathogen)
toxoid vaccines against pathogens that use toxins

molekylær biologi (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions