Chapter 34 Population Flashcards
Define emigration
the act of leaving the country to live in another country
Define Birth rate
the number of births in a year per 1000 population in a year
Define death rate
the number of deaths in a year per 1000 population in a year
Net immigration
more people coming to live in the country than people leaving the country to live elsewhere
Infant Mortality rate
the number of deaths per 1000 live births in a year
net migration
the difference between immigration and emigration
Factors that affect population growth (3)
Birth rate
Death rate
Immigration
What is the birth rate influenced by (3)
the number of women in the population
female employment
customs and religions
What is death rate influenced by (4)
Nutrition
housing conditions
lifestyles
working conditions
Why may a birthrate of a country be high? (3)
Young aged population in which women marry young due to low education
women do not work
children are cheap to bring up
Why might a country’s birthrate be low? (3)
expensive to have children (children go to school and pursue further education)
Women are well educated and opt to bear children in their later lives
Job market is open to women
Reasons for migration (4)
search for a better job
search for better living standards
warmer climates, lower taxes
refuge from conflict
Define population pyramid
a diagram showing the age and gender structure of a country’s population
Dependency ratio calculation
(Num in Dependent age/Num in labour force) x 100
Define dependency ratio
the proportion of the population that has to be supported by the labour force
Define optimum population
The size of population which maximises the country’s output per head when combined with the other resources of land, capital and existing technical knowledge
The positive effects of an increase in population (4)
If country is below optimum size, the country able to make better use of its resources
Size of market increases —>higher demand for g&s –> incentivises firms to expand –> take on more workers or invest into capital –> production increases –> able to take advantage of eos due to large scale
Increase in factor mobility - Expanding industries can recruit new workers, who are familiar with new ideas, to the labour force. This will lower training cost, easing the transition of a worker’s job from one to another.
A rise in the labour force - Net immigration brings in more workers.
What are the negative effects of an increase in population (4)
Concerns about famine - If country is overpopulated and agricultural activity is low, there is a risk the country may not be able to feeds its people
Restrictions on improvements in living standards - Resources which could have been used to improve living standards
may have to be devoted to provision of good and services for the extra number of dependents in the population
Overcrowding - Increase in population may put pressure on housing and social capital
balance of payment pressures - More dependents in the population may result in a rise in imports and some products being exported may be needed in the home market
Consequences of an ageing population (5)
A rise in the dependency ratio
A change in the labour force - Older workers may be employed due to their experience and patience
Higher demand for healthcare
Rise in cost of state and private pensions
Change in the pattern for demand
Internal migration
movement of workers from rural to urban areas in search of better jobs and higher incomes
Effects of net emigration (4)
Size of working population likely to be reduced
Greater burden of dependency
Average age of labour force increase —> make less mobile
Shortage of skilled workers
Define worker’s remittances
When those who emigrate send money back home to help their relatives
