Chapter 34 Part 2 Flashcards
Swim bladder
A gas filled organ of many ray finned fishes that regulates buoyancy
Lampreys
an eellike aquatic jawless vertebrate that has a sucker mouth with horny teeth and a rasping tongue. The adult is often parasitic, attaching itself to other fish and sucking their blood.
Chondrichthyes
Chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fishes are jawed fish with paired fins, paired nares, scales, a heart with its chambers in series, and skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone.
Coelacanth
a large, bony marine fish with a three-lobed tail fin and fleshy pectoral fins. It is thought to be related to the ancestors of land vertebrates and was known only from fossils until one was found alive in 1938; since then others have been found near the Comoro Islands in the Indian Ocean and off Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Lungfish
an elongated freshwater fish with one or two sacs that function as lungs, enabling it to breathe air. It lives in poorly oxygenated water and can estivate in mud for long periods to survive drought.
Lobe finned fishes
a fish of a largely extinct group having fleshy lobed fins, including the probable ancestors of the amphibians.
Tetrapoda
The superclass Tetrapoda, or the tetrapods, comprises the first four-limbed vertebrates and their descendants, including the living and extinct amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Amphibians
a cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that comprises the frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders. They are distinguished by having an aquatic gill-breathing larval stage followed (typically) by a terrestrial lung-breathing adult stage.
Caecilian
a burrowing wormlike amphibian of a tropical order distinguished by poorly developed eyes and the lack of limbs.
Amniota
Amniotes are a clade of tetrapod vertebrates comprising the reptiles, birds and mammals which lay their eggs on land or retain the fertilized egg within the mother. They are distinguished from the anamniotes which typically lay their eggs in water.
Mammalia
Mammals are a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles and birds by the possession of hair, three middle ear bones, mammary glands, and a neocortex.
Monotremata/monotremes
Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young like marsupials and placental mammals. (Platypus)
Marsupials
a mammal of an order whose members are born incompletely developed and are typically carried and suckled in a pouch on the mother’s belly. Marsupials are found mainly in Australia and New Guinea, although three families, including the opossums, live in America.
Eutheria
a mammal of the major group Eutheria, which includes all the placentals and excludes the marsupials and monotremes.
Placental mammals/ eutherians
A lineage of mammals whose young develop in the uterus and are not housed in an abdominal pouch
Reptiles
a cold-blooded vertebrate of a class that includes snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles, and tortoises. They are distinguished by having a dry scaly skin, and typically laying soft-shelled eggs on land.
Aves
A bird
Primates
a mammal of an order that includes the lemurs, bushbabies, tarsiers, marmosets, monkeys, apes, and humans. They are distinguished by having hands, handlike feet, and forward-facing eyes, and, with the exception of humans, are typically agile tree-dwellers.
Prosimian
a primitive primate of a group that includes the lemurs, lorises, bushbabies, and tarsiers.
Anthropoid
a higher primate, especially an ape or apeman.
Great ape
a large ape of a family closely related to humans, including the gorilla, orangutan, and chimpanzees, but excluding the gibbons; an anthropoid ape.
Hominid
Includes humans and extinct related forms; chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. distinguished by a large body size, no tail, and exceptionally large brain
Hominin
Humans and extinct related forms; species in the lineage that branched off form chimpanzees and eventually led to humans
Human
Any member of the genus Homo, which includes modern humans and several extinct species
Bipedal
Walking on two legs
Gracile
(of a hominid species) of slender build.
Australopithecines
Australopithecus is an extinct genus of hominid. From paleontological and archaeological evidence, it appears that the Australopithecus genus evolved in eastern Africa around 4 million years ago before
Robust
strong and healthy; vigorous.
Cro-magnon
Cro-Magnon is a common name that has been used to describe the first early modern humans of the European Upper Paleolithic
Neanderthal
an extinct species of human that was widely distributed in ice-age Europe between circa 120,000–35,000 years ago, with a receding forehead and prominent brow ridges. The Neanderthals were associated with the Mousterian flint industry of the Middle Paleolithic.
Out of Africa hypothesis
The first hypothesis proposes that a second migration out of Africa happened about 100,000 years ago, in which anatomically modern humans of African origin conquered the world by completely replacing archaic human populations (Homo sapiens; Model A).
Anadromous
Having a lifecycle in which adults live in the ocean or large legs but migrate up freshwater streams to breed and lay eggs
