Chapter 34 Part 2

Question 1

Swim bladder

Answer 1

A gas filled organ of many ray finned fishes that regulates buoyancy

Question 2

Lampreys

Answer 2

an eellike aquatic jawless vertebrate that has a sucker mouth with horny teeth and a rasping tongue. The adult is often parasitic, attaching itself to other fish and sucking their blood.

Question 3

Chondrichthyes

Answer 3

Chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fishes are jawed fish with paired fins, paired nares, scales, a heart with its chambers in series, and skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone.

Question 4

Coelacanth

Answer 4

a large, bony marine fish with a three-lobed tail fin and fleshy pectoral fins. It is thought to be related to the ancestors of land vertebrates and was known only from fossils until one was found alive in 1938; since then others have been found near the Comoro Islands in the Indian Ocean and off Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Question 5

Lungfish

Answer 5

an elongated freshwater fish with one or two sacs that function as lungs, enabling it to breathe air. It lives in poorly oxygenated water and can estivate in mud for long periods to survive drought.

Question 6

Lobe finned fishes

Answer 6

a fish of a largely extinct group having fleshy lobed fins, including the probable ancestors of the amphibians.

Question 7

Tetrapoda

Answer 7

The superclass Tetrapoda, or the tetrapods, comprises the first four-limbed vertebrates and their descendants, including the living and extinct amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Question 8

Amphibians

Answer 8

a cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that comprises the frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders. They are distinguished by having an aquatic gill-breathing larval stage followed (typically) by a terrestrial lung-breathing adult stage.

Question 9

Caecilian

Answer 9

a burrowing wormlike amphibian of a tropical order distinguished by poorly developed eyes and the lack of limbs.

Question 10

Amniota

Answer 10

Amniotes are a clade of tetrapod vertebrates comprising the reptiles, birds and mammals which lay their eggs on land or retain the fertilized egg within the mother. They are distinguished from the anamniotes which typically lay their eggs in water.

Question 11

Mammalia

Answer 11

Mammals are a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles and birds by the possession of hair, three middle ear bones, mammary glands, and a neocortex.

Question 12

Monotremata/monotremes

Answer 12

Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young like marsupials and placental mammals. (Platypus)

Question 13

Marsupials

Answer 13

a mammal of an order whose members are born incompletely developed and are typically carried and suckled in a pouch on the mother’s belly. Marsupials are found mainly in Australia and New Guinea, although three families, including the opossums, live in America.

Question 14

Eutheria

Answer 14

a mammal of the major group Eutheria, which includes all the placentals and excludes the marsupials and monotremes.

Question 15

Placental mammals/ eutherians

Answer 15

A lineage of mammals whose young develop in the uterus and are not housed in an abdominal pouch

Question 16

Reptiles

Answer 16

a cold-blooded vertebrate of a class that includes snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles, and tortoises. They are distinguished by having a dry scaly skin, and typically laying soft-shelled eggs on land.

Question 17

Aves

Answer 17

A bird

Question 18

Primates

Answer 18

a mammal of an order that includes the lemurs, bushbabies, tarsiers, marmosets, monkeys, apes, and humans. They are distinguished by having hands, handlike feet, and forward-facing eyes, and, with the exception of humans, are typically agile tree-dwellers.

Question 19

Prosimian

Answer 19

a primitive primate of a group that includes the lemurs, lorises, bushbabies, and tarsiers.

Question 20

Anthropoid

Answer 20

a higher primate, especially an ape or apeman.

Question 21

Great ape

Answer 21

a large ape of a family closely related to humans, including the gorilla, orangutan, and chimpanzees, but excluding the gibbons; an anthropoid ape.

Question 22

Hominid

Answer 22

Includes humans and extinct related forms; chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. distinguished by a large body size, no tail, and exceptionally large brain

Question 23

Hominin

Answer 23

Humans and extinct related forms; species in the lineage that branched off form chimpanzees and eventually led to humans

Question 24

Human

Answer 24

Any member of the genus Homo, which includes modern humans and several extinct species

Question 25

Bipedal

Answer 25

Walking on two legs

Question 26

Gracile

Answer 26

(of a hominid species) of slender build.

Question 27

Australopithecines

Answer 27

Australopithecus is an extinct genus of hominid. From paleontological and archaeological evidence, it appears that the Australopithecus genus evolved in eastern Africa around 4 million years ago before

Question 28

Robust

Answer 28

strong and healthy; vigorous.

Question 29

Cro-magnon

Answer 29

Cro-Magnon is a common name that has been used to describe the first early modern humans of the European Upper Paleolithic

Question 30

Neanderthal

Answer 30

an extinct species of human that was widely distributed in ice-age Europe between circa 120,000–35,000 years ago, with a receding forehead and prominent brow ridges. The Neanderthals were associated with the Mousterian flint industry of the Middle Paleolithic.

Question 31

Out of Africa hypothesis

Answer 31

The first hypothesis proposes that a second migration out of Africa happened about 100,000 years ago, in which anatomically modern humans of African origin conquered the world by completely replacing archaic human populations (Homo sapiens; Model A).

Question 32

Anadromous

Answer 32

Having a lifecycle in which adults live in the ocean or large legs but migrate up freshwater streams to breed and lay eggs