Chapter 34 Leukocytes Granulocytes Monocyte-Macrophage System

Question 1

Which leukocytes are formed mainly in the bone marrow and mainly in the lymph tissues?

Answer 1

Bone marrow - granulocytes and monocytes

Lymph tissues - lymphocytes and plasma cells

Question 2

What are some examples of products that cause chemotaxis toward an inflamed area?

(4)

Answer 2

1. Bacterial or viral toxins
2. Degenerative products of the inflamed tissues
3. Several reactions of the complement complex
4. Reaction products caused by plasma clotting

Question 3

Phagocytosis is very selective. What are three instances that would increase the likelihood of phagocytosis?

Answer 3

1. Rough surfaces
2. Unnatural substances that have no protective coats, like dead tissues and foreign particles
3. Particles that have Ab with C3 portion of the complement, through opsonization

Question 4

Describe the process of phagocytosis by a neutrophil.

Answer 4

Attaches itself to particle - pseudopodia projects around particle - the psuedopodia fuse completely around the particle - chamber invaginates to the cytoplasmic cavity and breaks away from outer membrane - phagosome is created - digestion occurs

Question 5

List 4 characteristics of inflammation.

Answer 5

1. Vasodilation of local blood vessels
2. Increased permeability of capillaries
3. Increased clotting of the fluid in the interstitial spaces
4. Migration of large numbers of granulocytes and monocytes

Question 6

Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and integrin molecules on neutrophils are an important part of which step in neutrophil invasion?

A) Adhesion
B) Margination
C) Diapedesis
D) Chemotaxis

Answer 6

B) Margination - ICAM-1 reacts with the integrin molecules on the neutrophils, causing the neuts to stick to the capillaries

Question 7

After tissue macrophages and neutrophil invasion occur to an inflamed area, what cells immediately after?

A) Monocytes
B) Basophils
C) Mast cells
D) Platelets

Answer 7

A) Monocytes tend to travel with the neutrophil invasion, but do take a few days to develop into full tissue macrophages

Question 8

What is happening in bone marrow after inflammation has occurred?

Answer 8

Production of granulocytes and monocytes is greatly increased.

Question 9

Activated macrophages release multiple growth factors to encourage bone marrow production of granulocytes and monocytes. What are those factors?

(5)

Answer 9

Tumor necrosis factor-1
Interleukin-1
Granulocyte monocyte-colony stimulating factor
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor
Monocytes-colony stimulating factor

Question 10

How can eosinophils kill parasites?

3

Answer 10

1. Release of hydrolytic enzymes such as modified lysosomes
2. Release of highly reactive forms of oxygen
3. Release of highly larvacidal polypeptide called major basic protein

Question 11

Which cells can release an eosinophilic chemotactic factor that promotes eosinophil migration to inflamed allergic tissues?

A) Neutrophils, Basophils
B) Basophils, Mast cells
C) Mast cells, Plasma cells
D) Plasma cells, Neutrophils

Answer 11

B) Basophils and mast cells

The eosinophil can then detoxify some of the inflammation caused by the granules of the mast cells. The eosinophils may also be able to phagocytize allergen-Ab complexes

Question 12

Where are basophils and mast cells located, respectively?

Answer 12

Basophils - in circulation

Mast cells - outside many of the capillaries