Chapter 34/53 - Quiz 9 Flashcards
Almost all bilaterian animals belong to either…
Protostomes or deuterostomes
In protostomes the mouth developes from or near the…
Blastopore
In deuterostomes the blastopore gives rise to the_____ and the _____ developes in other ways
Anus, mouth
Spiralians develop as embryos using…
Spiral cleavage
The two clades of spiralians are…
Platyzoans and lophotrochozoans
Animals that have a simple body with no circulatory or respiratory system but complex reproductive system
Phylum platyhelminthes (flat worms)
The Ecdysozoa contains the…
Arthropods
Arthropods contain…
More species than any other phylum
Protostomes are divided into…
Spiralians, characterized by spiral cleavage and ecdysozoans
Reproductive systems of flatworms is best described as…
Hermaphroditic (have male and female)
Schistosomes live in the ____ and produce _____ eggs per day
Intestines, 300-3000
Rotifers are considered to be…
Pseudocoelomates
Rotifers contain…
Three cell layers, internal organs, and a complete gut
Mollusks contain…
Snails, slugs, clams, scallops, oysters, cuttelfish, octopuses, and many others
In a mllusk, the _____ is a thick epidermal sheet that covers the dorsal side of the body
Mantle
Mollusks have respiratory gills called….
Ctenidia
Water passes through the _____ carrying oxygen and carbon monoxide away
Mantle
Mollusks can extract _____ or more of the oxygen that passes through the mantle
50%
4 characteristics of mollisks are…
Muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle, and caphalization
mollusks use the _____ , a tonguelike structure for feeding
radula
The four most notable classes of mollusks are….
Polyplacophora - Chitons
Gastropoda - Slugs, Snails
Bivalvia - Clams, Oysters
Cephalopoda - Squids, octupus
Cephalopods are the only class of mollusk that…
have a circulatory system
mollusks have a reduced…
coelom
in Annelids, the digestive tract, from mouth to anus, goes through the…
septa
In annelids each portion of the digestive tract is…
specialized for a different function.
Annelids digestive systems consist of…
Phatynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine
Annelida are characterized by…
Segmented body, coelom, Setae, Complete digestive system, and closed circulatory system
Currently Annelids are classified into the classes…
Polychaeta and Clitellata
Examples of Annelids are…
Marine worms, Terrestrial worms, and leeches.
Polychaetes include…
clamworms, sealeworms, lugworms, sea mice, tubeworms, and many others
Earthworms and Leeches (Clitellata) are united by…
a thickened band on the body, like the saddle on an earthworm
Annelids generally exhibit…
segmentation
Each segment of Annelids have their own…
excretory and locomotor elements
nematodes lack a…
respiratory system
nematodes exchange oxygen and carbon through their…
cuticles
nemtode symmetry can be described as…
bilaterally symmetrical
Arthropods have four recognized extant classes. What are they?
Chelicerates, crustaceans, hexapods, and myriapods
Arthropods have an extinct class called…
trilobites
Arthropod success can be attributed to…
body segmentation, the exoskeleton
In some arthropods, body segments are specialized into groups called…
tagmata
in arthropods, the head and thorax fuse to form the cephalothorax, or…
prosoma
Arthropoda of Ecdysozoa can be described as…
The most diverse lineage, metamorphosis common, compound eyes, antennae
Arthropoda have…
a segmented body, exoskeleton composed of chitin, and jointed appendages
Lineages in Arthropoda consist of…
Myriopoda, insecta, chelicerata, and crustacean
Architecture in Animals can be characterized by…
number if tissue layers in an embryo, symmetry, nervous system, body cavity, and dev patterns
Protostomes…
means mouth first before anus
Deuterostomes…
means anus first before mouth (mouth second)
Almost all animals are…
protostomes
Protostomes consist of…
Platyzoa and Lophotrochozoa
Platyhelminthes are characterized by…
Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic flatworms, cephalization
Trematoda are…
all parasites and include liver fluke and blood flukes (schistosoma)
Rotifers are…
Microscopic filter feeders
cleavage is…
the rapid division of the zygote into a larger and larger number of smaller and smaller cells
regulative development is when…
early blastomeres do not appear to be committed to a particular fate
bastula is a…
hollow ball of cells
Gastrulation…
forms the three primary germ layers and converts the blastula into a bilaterally symmetrical embryo
Gastrulation also…
the three primary germ layers: endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm
In mammals, the placenta…
has made yolk dispensable
the embryo obtains nutrients from its mother…
following implantation into the uterine wall
The amnion is the…
inner membrane that surrounds the embryo and suspends it in amniotic fluid
Gastrulation involves cell rearrangement and migration to produce…
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
In sea urchins, endoderm forms by invagination of the…
blastula
organogenesis is…
the formation of the organs in their proper locations
organogenesis follows rapidly on the heels of gastrulation, and in many animals begins…
before gastrulation is complete
The process of organogenesis in vertebrates begins with the formation of…
the notochord and the hollow dorsal nerve cord
The notochord forms from
mesoderm
The notochord is visible…
first visible soon after gastrulation is complete
The notochord is…
a flexible rod located along the dorsal midline in the embryos of all chordates
Cranial neural crest cells contribute significantly to…
development of
skeletal and connective tissues of the face and skull, nervous system, and pigment cells
Somitogenesis is the division of…
mesoderm into somites
The evolution of the _____ _____ led to the appearance of many vertebrate-specific adaptations.
neural crest
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm—are referred to as…
primary inductions
Inductions between tissues that have already been specified to develop along a particular developmental pathway are called…
secondary inductions
Primary inductions between germ layers lead to development of…
the vertebrate nervous system
secondary inductions result in formation of structures such as…
the lens of the eye
The trophoblast cells of the blastocyst digest their way into the endometrial lining of the uterus in the process known as…
implantation
Organogenesis begins during the fourth week and…
eyes form.
tubular heart develops its four chambers and starts to pulsate rhythmically
Organogenesis continues during the second month and…
limbs assume shapes. The arms, legs, knees, elbows, fingers, and toes can all be seen—as well as a short bony tail
The third trimester is predominantly a period of…
growth and maturation of organs
high levels of _____ stimulate the development of the mammary alveoli
progesterone
high levels of _____ stimulate the development of the alveolar ducts
estradiol
