Chapter 33 - Quiz 7 Flashcards
features of major importance exhibited by most species are convincing evidence that animals are a
monophyletic group
being a monophyletic group means…
all members more closely related to each other than any members are to another type of organism.
A heterotroph is…
an organism that ingests other organisms to obtain energy
All animals are…
multicellular and heterotrophs
perhaps their most striking characteristic, one directly related to the flexibility of their cells and the evolution of nerve and muscle tissues is an animals ability to…
move more rapidly and in more complex ways
Almost all animals lack a…
backbone
Most animals reproduce…
sexually
Animal cells lack…
cell walls
What Five key innovations can be noted in animal evolution?
symmetry;
tissues, allowing specialized structures and functions,
a body cavity;
various patterns of embryonic development; and
segmentation, or repeated body units.
Other than the typical sponge, Virtually all other animals have…
a definite shape and radial or bilateral symmetry
phylum Cnidaria contains…
jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals
Cnidaria exhibit _______ Symmetry
radial
radial symmetry means…
an organisms parts are arranged in such a way that any longitudinal plane passing through the central axis divides the organism into halves that are approximate mirror images
The bodies of most animals other than sponges and cnidarians exhibit _______ Symmetry
bilateral
bilateral symmetry means…
the body has right and left halves that are mirror images of each other
Animals with bilateral symmetry are called…
bilateria
In some animals pseudocoelom develops embryologically between the…
mesoderm and endoderm
pseudocoelom means…
False coelom
A coelom is a cavity that develops entirely in the…
mesoderm
the coelom is surrounded by wahas referred to as the…
peritoneum
In most animals, the circulatory system is used for…
distributing nutrients to the body and removes waste
In a protostome, the mouth of the adult animal develops from the…
blastopore or from an opening near the blastopore
protostome means…
“first mouth”—the first opening becomes the mouth)
Protostomes include most…
bilaterians, including flatworms, nematodes, mollusks, annelids, and arthropods
the echinoderms and the chordates—together with a few other small phyla, constitute the…
deuterostomes
deuterostome means…
“second mouth”
In some protostomes, each new cell cleaves off to the right or left, producing a layer of cells shifted to one side or the other, This is called…
spiral cleavage
When cells divide parallel to and at right angles to the polar axisgives rise to a loosely packed ball its called …
radial cleavage
determinate development…
means the type of tissue each embryonic cell will form in the adult is determined early
indeterminate development…
means each cell remains totipotent and its fate is not determined for several cleavages
Segmented animals consist of…
a series of linearly arrayed compartments that typically look alike, at least early in development, but that may have specialized functions
Segmentation…
underlies the organization of body plans of the most morphologically complex animals
Animals are distinguished on the basis of…
symmetry, tissues, type of body cavity, sequence of embryonic development, and segmentation
Within bilaterians, protostomes develop the mouth prior to the anus; deuterostomes…
develop the mouth after the anus has formed
the state of the internal cavity is…
is not a reliable character to infer phylogenetic relationships
Protostomes consist of…
spiralians and ecdysozoans
There are two main groups of spiralians called:
Lophotrochozoa and Platyzoa
Deuterostomes include…
chordates and echinoderms
despite great differences in appearance, Deuterostomes…
consist of fewer phyla and species than protostomes, and are more uniform in many ways
They share a mode of development that is evidence of their evolution from a common ancestor…
Echinoderms such as sea stars, and chordates such as humans
Parazoa are defined as…
animals that lack specialized tissue
A third of animal phyla consist of…
a wormy body plan
The basic body plan for which the rest of the animal kingdom evolved is…
the simplest members, the worms, jellyfish, and sponges
Traditionally Systematists divided the kingdoms into…
two kingdoms, the
Parazoa (near animals such as sponges) and the
Eumetazoa (True animals that have a defined shape and symmetry)
Now most Systematists believe that Parazoa and Eumetazoa…
Came fro ma single common ancestor
Most members of the Sponge Phylum…
lack symmetry
Sponges lack…
a head, head, appendages, a mouth, an anus, and the organized internal structure characteristic of all other animals
What distinguishes sponges as truly multi-cellular?
it contains several types of cell types
The body of a sponge is…
bounded by an outer epithelium consisting of flattened cells somewhat like those that make up the outer layers of animals in other phyla.
a large sponge has multiple …
oscula
some sponges epithelial cells are specialized to surround the…
ostia
Between the outer and inner layers of cells, sponges consist mainly of a gelatinous, protein-rich matrix called the…
mesohyl
amoeboid cells secrete needles of calcium carbonate or silica known as…
spicules
a spongin is a….
a tough protein fiber sometimes secreted by sponges amoeboid cells
Choanocytes help circulate water through the…
sponge
sponges reproduce both…
asexually and sexually
Sponge sperm are created by…
the transformation of choanocytes
Generally Sponges lack both…
Symmetry and tissue level development
Sponges are composed of…
amoeboid cells, Choanocytes, and epithelial cells
Choanocytes have…
flagella that beat to circulate water through the sponge body, allowing food particles to be trapped.
