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Microbiology > Chapter 33: Respiratory system > Flashcards

Chapter 33: Respiratory system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

natural defense mechanisms for our lungs

A 
mucus membranes and cilia
goblet cells produce phlegm
sneezing, coughing and swallowing
normal bacterial flora produces bacteriocins which are toxic to invading organisms
antibodies
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2
Q

most common URTI

A

Nasopharyngitis: corona virus, rhino virus

pharyngitis: strep pyogenes( Group A beta hemolytic)

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3
Q

risk factors for URTI

A

cold causes changes in normal flora which predisposes to infections
constant nose blowing causes microbes to be pushed in the sinuses
people with a history of herpes simplex can cause eruption with constant nose blowing

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4
Q

most common bacteria that causes pharyngitis

A

strep pyogenes (group A strep)

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5
Q

S. pyogenes virulent factors

A 
capsul
streptolysin S and O
hyaluronidase
streptokinase 
Major one is protein M which lets it escape phagocytosis
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6
Q

rapid tests for S.pyogenes vs cultures

A

Rapid tests are only sensetive for S. pyogenes even though the causative agent might be different

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7
Q

why do you treat S. pyogenes if its self lmiting

A

because of the poststreptococcal sequelae (post strep glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever which are immunologically mediated against protein M)

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8
Q

Is S. pyogenes virulent ?

A

no, its a-virulent because carriers have diminished Protein M = carriers are not contagious

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9
Q

Other suspected strains if S. pyogenes is not detected when someone has pharyngitis

A

strep C and G (Beta hemolytic)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
acanbacterium haemolyticum

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10
Q

what produces a white membrane similar to white exudate of S. pyogenes

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae seen in unimmunized individuals

produces exotoxin that damages the hear, nerves and kidneys

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11
Q

are haemophilus influenzae, strep pneumoniae and staphylococcus aureus causative agents of pharyngitis ?

A

no, they are a part of the normal flora. they might be present as a result of viral infection

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12
Q

whats the most common cause of pharyngitis

A 
viruses
rhinovirus
coronavirus
adenovirus
influenza virus
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13
Q

causative agents in sinusitis and pathophysiology

A

allergens or viruses usually cause the initial damage then sinuses become secondarily infected with bacteria=inflammation (nose blowing causes pressure which pushes bacteria into the sinus)

causative agents:
staphylococcus aureus
streptococcus pyogenes
haemophilus inluenzae 
fungal caused in the immunocompromised/diabetic patients
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14
Q

complications of sinusitis

A

could lead to osteomyelitis of the skull

they can enter the nervous system and cause meningitis

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15
Q

can epiglottitis be caused by viruses

A

No, but previous viral infection can predispose to bacterial infection

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16
Q

what are the causative agents of epiglottitis

A 
Haemophlius influenzae (other than type B)
S. pneumoniae 
S. aureus
H. parainfluenzae
N. meningitids
Candida Spp.
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17
Q

why is epiglottitis considered a medical emergency

A

inflammation can cause swelling and a complete obstruction of the respiratory tract

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18
Q

major causative agent of laryngitis and are the symptoms

A

Viral infections but rarely bacteria
noninfectious could be caused by straining the voice

S. pyogenes
Bordetella pertussis
mycoplasma pneumoniae
Corynebacterium diphtheriae

symptoms include:
dry cough
fever
runny nose
Hoarse voice
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19
Q

what are the types of bronchitis and their causative agent

A

Acute type: caused by bacterial or viral infection, amongst which are
Bordetella pertussis
mycoplasma pneumoniae
chlamydophila pneumoniae

viruses: influenza, RSV, Rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus

chronic causes by smoking

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20
Q

what does Bordetella pertussis cause

A

whopping cough which are intense cough fits followed by vomitting. toxin damages the cilia

usually happens to children (unvaccinated) or young adults
its a gram negative coccobacillus

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21
Q

age group that gets bronchiolitis and its symptoms

A

mainly infants and young children
those with cystic fibrosis are predisposed

symptoms are cough and wheezing

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22
Q

major causative agent for bronchiolitis

A

RSV respiratory syncytial virus

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23
Q

what are the symptoms of pneumonia, diagnosis

A

cough
fever
chills
sputum (might be green duo to the organism or purulent because of WBC, might contain blood duo to coughing damaging capillaries)
crackles (because fluid will be filled as bacteria reproduce in the alveoli)
inflammation (the body tries to fight off the infection)
shortness of breath(blood cells will take up oxygen trying to fight the infection, CO2 is not removed as efficiently)

diagnosis is based on xray to differenciate it from bronchoilitis. pneumonia looks like patchy white areas on xray

24
Q

classification of pneumonia based on the place of acquisition

A

community acquired: in a community outside of a hospital (strep pneumonia is the most common, G-positive diplococci)
hospital acquired: nosocomial pneumonia (48h after admission)
ventilator associated pneumonia: develops 48hh after the usage of a ventilator

25
Q

what are the factors that increases susceptibility of pneumonia

A

exposure to a new serotype (new capsule)
aslpelnic patients
the elderly
anemic persons

26
Q

which is the most common organism that causes pneumonia

A

S. pneumonia

27
Q

second most common cause of pneumonia

A

hemophilus influenza (eliminated with vaccine)

28
Q

most common organism that causes secondary pneumonia

A

S. aureus, after a viral infection

29
Q

most common gram negative pneumonia causative agent

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

30
Q

what is atypical pneumonia and what microbes causes it

A

named atypical because it infects healthy people but its presentation is mind

examples include:
mycoplasma pneumonia
chlamydophila pneumoniae

31
Q

what is legionella pneumophila associated with

A

water (transmitted by inspired water droplets)
have mild and serious forms of pneumonia
gram negative rod
associated with legionnaire’s disease
sputum is thin, watery with little purulent material

32
Q

most common viral pneumonia causatives in adults

A

influenza B and A

33
Q

most common viral pneumonia causatives in children

A

RSV respiratory syncytial virus

34
Q

characteristics of fungal pneumonia and symptoms

A

happens in the immunocompromised

infection routs from:
inhalation of hyphae/conidia
hematogenous spread from other sites

symptoms:
fever 
cough
chest pain
possible blood in the sputum (because of the invasive nature of fungi)
35
Q

fungi associated with pneumonia

A

histoplasma capitulatum
blastomyces dermatitidis
aspergillus fumigatus
candida spp.

36
Q

why cant you gram stain mycobacterium tuberculosis. whats their characteristics

A

because of its different cell wall (lipophilic).
acid fast stains should be used
rod shaped
in the alveoli they are engulfed by macrophages to be either killed, proliferate, become dormant
can spread systematically if untreated

symptoms include: fever, night sweats, bloody sputum, weight loss (those are symptoms of a highly infectious infection)

37
Q

parasitic infections which require a lung phase

A

ascaris lubricoides
strongyloides stercoralis
paragonimus westermani

a clue is increased eosinophil count

38
Q

difference between cold and flu infections

A

flu always has high temperature fever, headache and general aches and pains

39
Q

nosocomial acquired pneumonia

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa
enterobacteriaceae
staphylococcus aureus

40
Q

ventilator associated pneumonia

A

stap aureaus
enterobacteriaceae
pseudomonas aeruginosae
haemaphilus influenzae

41
Q

aspiration pneumonia

A

caused by ansthesia/unconsciousness/trouble swallowing causes aspiration of stomach fluides into the the lungs

often polymicrobic

42
Q

pleural effusion and empyema

A

during infection fluides can go into the pleura and cause infection

43
Q

i need help

A

this fucking shit took my soul out, its consuming my soul

44
Q

WHAT DO YOU USE FOR A NASOPHARYNGEAL SWAB AND WHICH ORGANISMS ARE DETECTED AND IS IT GOOD FOR VIURSES

A

sorry for caps

calcium alginate tipped swab

neisseria meningitidis
bordetella pertussis
influenza viruses
RSV

not good for viruses as nasopharyngeal washing/aspiration

45
Q

which bacteria are inhibited by cotton swab

A 
neisseria gonorrhrea
boredatella pertusses (you'll still use nasopharyngeal swab somehow??)

even calcium alginate swab is inhibitory to Neisseria gonorrhea

46
Q

can u confirm viral pharyngitis by culture

A

no, it requires collection of human cells

47
Q

how to do sinus aspirate

A

endoscope to avoid c̶o̶n̶f̶r̶o̶n̶t̶a̶t̶i̶o̶n̶ normal flora

48
Q

how to collect a specimen for epiglottitis

A

establish airway

collect blood cultures

49
Q

sputum collection steps

A

collect expectorated sputum (voluntarily coughed) induce if cant get expectorated, if cant be induced |(people who are on a mechanical ventilation) open trachea/bronchoscopy and take an aspirate, bronchoalveolar lavage
morning first sputum is the best
one per day
may need multiple for mycobacteria

50
Q

how to collect lung tissue

A

biopsy, and transport in anaerobic condition

51
Q

how does legionella spp sputum looks like

A

clear, thin, watery. may not contain white blood cells, which usually accompany bacterial infection

52
Q

which organisms may require more than one specimen to recover, what’s the recommended period between one sample and another

A

fungi
mycobacteria

one sputum per day is collected

53
Q

specimen collection from the bronchus

A

bronchoscopy in a nonintubated patient, or endotracheal tube if intubated

54
Q

do you use swab to transport pleural fluid

A

No, it absorbs too little specimen to ensure recovery of possibly small numbers of organisms. submission of as much fluid as possible is ideal

55
Q

drug of choice for bordetella pertussis

A

azithromycin

Microbiology (5 decks)

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