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Biology 170 > Chapter 33: Introduction to Invertebrates > Flashcards

Chapter 33: Introduction to Invertebrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Important characteristics of sponges?

A
  • Filter feeders: filter out food particles suspended in surrounding water as they draw it through their body
  • Water drawn through pores into central cavity (spongocoel) and flow out of opening (osculum)
  • Said to be basal animals and lack true tissues
  • Lining of sponges includes choanocytes
  • Mostly hermaphrodites
  • Phylum porifera
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2
Q

Suspension feeding

A
  • Feeds by removing suspended food particles from surrounding medium by a capture, trapping, or filtration mechanism
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3
Q

Dominant types of cells in sponges

A
  • Epidermis: Outer layer consists of tightly packed cells
  • Meshyl: Separates the two layers of cells (gelatinous)
  • Amoebocytes: Move through mesohyl and have many functions; transport nutrients, produce materials, become any type of sponge cell needed
  • Spongocoel is on inside (cavity); lined with choanocytes
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4
Q

Function of each type of cell in the sponges

A
  • Amoebocytes: Eat shit, build shit

- Spongocoel: Linvd with choanocytes that beat flagella

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5
Q

Invertebrate

A
  • An animal lacking a backbone

- Account for 95% of known animal species

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6
Q

Two variations of Cnidarian body plan?

A
  • Basic: Membranous sac with central digestive compounds
  • Polyp (Sessile): Anchored to floor, up to cavity, mouth/anus and extending tentacles
  • Medusa (Free Floating): Free floating, anus/mouth faces downward, tentacles extend downward
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7
Q

How do Cnidarians capture their prey?

A
  • Use tentacles arranged in ring around mouth to capture prey and push food into gastrovascular cavity
  • Tentacles armed with cnidocytes: cells unique to cnidarians that function in defense and prey capture
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8
Q

Four major groups of organisms in Lophotrochozoa

A
  • Clade identified with molecular data
  • Flatworms
  • Rotifers
  • Molluscs
  • Annelids
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9
Q

Parthenogenic

A
  • Form of asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs
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10
Q

Three components of mollusk body plan?

A
  • Muscular foot for movement
  • Visceral mass containing most of internal organs
  • Mantle: Fold of tissue that drapes over visceral mass and secretes a shell
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11
Q

Major groups of mollusks

A
  • Chitons, gastropods, and cephalopods
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12
Q

Ecdysis?

A
  • Molting
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13
Q

Invertebrate

A
  • An animal lacking a backbone

- Account for 95% of known animal species

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14
Q

Nematocyst

A
  • Specialized cnidae have these; contain stinging thread that can penetrate the body wall of the cnidarian’s prey
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15
Q

Anthozoans

A

Corals and anemones

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16
Q

Flatworms

A
  • Live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats
  • Thin bodies that are flattened dorsoventrally
  • Simple excretory apparatus functions maintaining osmotic balance (pronoephridia: network of tubules with ciliated structures that pull fluid through branched ducts)
17
Q

Rotifers

A
  • Tiny animals that inhabit freshwater, marin, and damp soil habitats
  • Range from 50 micrometers to 2 millimeters
  • Have alimentary canal (digestive tube with two openings)
  • Cilia draws forex of water into mouth
  • Many parthenogenic
18
Q

Molluscs

A
  • Second most diverse phylum
  • Have muscular foot (movement), visceral mass (contains most of internal organs), mantle (fold of tissue that drapes over visceral mass + secretes shell)
  • Include chitons, gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods
19
Q

Chiton

A
  • Oval shaped body and shell composed of 8 dorsal plates
  • Unsegmented boy
  • Use radula to scrape off algae
20
Q

Gastropods

A
  • 3/4 of living species of mollusks
  • Most are marine, some freshwater
  • Use radula to graze on algae
  • Several are predators
21
Q

Bivalves

A
  • All aquatic and include clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
22
Q

Cephalopods

A
  • Active marine predators
  • Use tentacles to grab prey
  • Include squids, octopi,
  • Have closed circulatory system (blood remains separate from fluid in body cavity)
23
Q

Ammonites

A

Shelled cephalopods

24
Q

Annelid

A
  • Refers to resemblance to series of fused rings
  • Segmented worms that live in sea, freshwater habitats,and damp soil
  • Coelomates
  • Errantians, sedentarians (leeches, earthworms)
25
Q

Ecdysozoans

A
  • Most species-rich animal group

- Comprised of nematodes and arthropods

26
Q

Nematodes

A
  • Most ubiquitous of animals
  • Found in most aquatic habitats, soil, moist tissues of plants, body fluids, tissues of animals
  • 1mm - 1m long
  • Have alimentary canal, lack circulatory system
  • Important role in nutrient cycling and decomposition
  • Can be beneficial or harmful
27
Q

Arthropods

A
  • Segmented body
  • Hard exoskeleton
  • Jointed appendages
  • Open circulatory system (fluid propelled through heart and into spaces)
  • 4 majors: Chelicerates, myriapods, hexapods, and crustaceans
28
Q

Exoskeleton

A
  • Layers of chitin
  • Protection and support
  • Points of attachment for muscles
  • Prevents desiccation
  • Must be shed to grow
29
Q

Chelicerates

A
  • Arthropods
  • Claylike feeding appendages called chelicerae
  • Lack antennae
  • Bulk is comprised of arachnids, ticks, and mites
30
Q

Book Lungs

A
  • Feature present in arachnids; stacked platelike structures contained in an internal chamber
31
Q

Crustaceans

A
  • Crabs, lobsters, shrimps, barnacles, others
  • Marine, freshwater, terrestrial
  • Specialized appendages
  • Exchange gases across thin areas of cuticle or have gills
32
Q

Insects

A
  • Hexapods
  • Have several complex organ systems
  • Radiated in response to new plant species
  • Many have one or two pairs of wings
  • Some undergo metamorphosis
33
Q

Myriapods

A
  • Centipedes, millipedes

- Carnivores or scavengers

34
Q

Tardigrada

A
  • survive just about anything
35
Q

Incomplete metamorphosis

A
  • young resemble adults but are not sexually mature
36
Q

Complete metamorphosis

A

Have larval sages specialized for eating and growing (known as caterpillar, maggot, grub)

37
Q

Echinoderm

A
  • Sea stars, slow-moving or sessile marine animals
  • Thin epidermis covers endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates
  • Water vascular system
  • Bilaterally symmetrical ancestors
  • Tube feet
38
Q

Water vascular system

A

Present in echinoderms; network of hydraulic canals branching into extensions called tube feet that function in locomotion and feeding

39
Q

Chordates

A
  • Two basal groups of invertebrates (lancelets and tunicates)
  • Bilaterally symmetrical coelomates with segmented bodies

Biology 170 (9 decks)

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