Chapter 32 Liberalization

Question 1

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC

Answer 1

956
A cartel formed in 1960 by oil-exporting countries designed to coordinate oil production and raise prices, giving those countries greater capacity for economic development and greater leverage in world affairs.

Question 2

Petrodollars

Answer 2

956

The global recirculation by international banks of profits from the higher price of oil.

Question 3

Neoliberalism

Answer 3

957

A return to policies intended to promote free markets and the free circulation of capital across national borders.

Question 4

Washington Consensus

Answer 4

957

Policies restricting public spending, lowering import barriers, privatizing state enterprises, and deregulating markets.

Question 5

Intifada

Answer 5

959
A prolonged campaign of civil disobedience by Palestinian youth against Israeli soldiers; the Arabic word intifada means “shaking off.”

Question 6

Junta

Answer 6

963

A government headed by a council of commanders of the branches of the armed forces.

Question 7

Apartheid

Answer 7

967

The system of racial segregation and discrimination that was supported by the Afrikaner government in South Africa.

Question 8

African National Congress ANC

Answer 8

967

The main black nationalist organization in South Africa, led by Nelson Mandela.

Question 9

Japan Inc

Answer 9

971

A nickname from the 1980s used to describe the intricate relationship of Japan’s business world and government.

Question 10

Tiananmen Square

Answer 10

972
The site of a Chinese student revolt in 1989 at which Communists imposed martial law and arrested, injured, or killed hundreds of students.

Question 11

Detente

Answer 11

978

The progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions.

Question 12

Perestroika

Answer 12

978
Economic restructuring and reform implemented by Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev that permitted an easing of government price controls on some goods, more independence for state enterprises, and the establishment of profit-seeking private cooperatives to provide personal services for consumers.

Question 13

Solidarity

Answer 13

978

Led by Lech Wałęsa, a free and democratic Polish trade union that worked for the rights of workers and political reform.

Question 14

European Union EU

Answer 14

982
An economic and political alliance of twelve European nations formed in 1993 that has since grown to include twenty-seven European nations.