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Chapter 32 HUMAN BIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Result of: interaction at the atomic level

A

Effects of X-rays on Human

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2
Q

Caused: deposition of energy in tissue

A

Molecular Change

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3
Q

Radiation response occurs within minutes or

days after radiation exposure

A

Early Effect of Radiation

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4
Q

Radiation response that is not observe for 6

months or longer after radiation exposure

A

Late Effect of Radiation

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5
Q

The study of the effects of ionizing radiation

on biologic tissue

A

Radiobiology

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6
Q

It determines the character & degree of the

radiation interaction that occurs

A

Atomic Composition

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7
Q

First named the cell as the biologic building

block

A

Robert Hooke (1665)

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8
Q

Accurately described a living cell on the

basis of his microscopic observations

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1673)

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9
Q

Showed that cells are the basic functional

units in all plants & animals

A

Schneider & Schwann (1838)

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10
Q 
Described the molecular structure of 
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as genetic 
substance of the cell
A

Watson & Crick (1953)

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11
Q

Result: precise mapping of 40,000 human

genes

A

Human Genope Project (2000)

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12
Q

It defines the nature of radiation response

A

Molecular & Tissue Composition

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13
Q

what is proteins, lipids (fats),
carbohydrates (sugars & starches) & nucleic
acids

A

Macromolecules

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14
Q

proteins,

lipids & carbohydrates

A

Principal Organic Molecules

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15
Q

Very large molecules that sometimes consist

of hundreds of thousands of atoms

A

Macromolecules

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16
Q

Life-supporting & contains carbon

A

Organic Molecule

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17
Q

The rarest molecule in the body
 Concentrated in the nucleus of a cell (DNA)
 The most critical & radiosensitive target
molecule

A

Nucleic Acid

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18
Q

The simplest & the most abundant molecular
constituent in the body
 Important Role: delivering energy to the
target molecules (contribute to radiation
effects)

A

Water

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19
Q

Essential for proper metabolism

A

Trace Elements & Inorganic Salts

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20
Q

The state of equilibrium among tissue &

organs

A

Homeostasis

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21
Q

Breaking down into smaller units of

macromolecules

A

Catabolism

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22
Q

The production of large molecules from

small

A

Anabolism

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23
Q

Catabolism & anabolism

A

Metabolism

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24
Q

Long chain macromolecules that consist of a
linear sequence of amino acids connected by
peptide bonds
Provide structure & support
(muscles)
o Enzymes, hormones & antibodies

A

Proteins

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25
The metabolic production of proteins
Protein Synthesis
26
Molecules that are necessary in small quantities to allow a biochemical reaction to continue, even though they do not directly enter into the reaction
Enzymes
27
Molecules that exercise regulatory control over some body functions They are produced & secreted by endocrine glands
Hormones
28
what kind of glands is pituitary, adrenal, | thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas & gonads
Endocrine Glands
29
A primary defense mechanism of the body | against infection & disease
Antibodies
30
Invasive & infectious agent
Antigen
31
``` Organic macromolecules composed solely of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen Thermal insulator from environment o Fuel for the body by providing energy stores ```
Lipids
32
Similar to lipids but their structure is different  First considered to be watered or hydrated carbons  It is also called saccharides o Provide shape & stability
Carbohydrates
33
A simple sugar |  The ultimate molecule that fuels the body
Glucose
34
Ordinary table sugar
Sucrose
35
Plant starches & animal glycogen
Polysaccharides
36
A human polysaccharide  It stored in tissues of the body  It used only when quantities of the simple sugar (glucose) are inadequate
Glycogen
37
A very large and extremely complex | macromolecules
Nucleic Acids
38
The control center for life  It contains all the hereditary information that represents a cell or whole individual (germ cell)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
39
is the radiation-sensitive target molecule
DNA
40
Attached to each deoxyribose molecule
Nitrogenous Organic Bases
41
Adenines bonded to
thymines
42
Cytosines bonded to
guanines
43
The base sugar-phosphate combination
Nucleotide
44
Principal Location: cytoplasm
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
45
The center of the cell
Nucleus
46
A rounded structure that is attached to the | nuclear membraneIt contained most of the RNA
Nucleolus
47
A double-walled structure that at some locations is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclear Membrane
48
The bulk of the cell  It contains great quantities of all molecular components except DNA
Cytoplasm
49
a channel or series or channels that allows the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum
50
The large bean-shaped structures |  The engine of the cel
Mitochondria
51
``` The small, dot-like structures  The site of protein synthesis  Essential to normal cellular function  Scattered throughout the cytoplasm or the endoplasmic reticulum ```
Ribosomes
52
``` The small, pea-like sacs  They contains enzymes capable of digesting cellular fragments & sometimes the cell itself  They help to control intracellular contaminants ```
Lysosomes
53
Required to produce a measurable change in | any physical characteristic of the molecule
1 Mrad (10 kGyt)
54
Lethal Dose: measured in kilorads
Single-Cell Organism
55
Human Cells Lethal Dose:
< 100 rad (1 Gyt)
56
Absorbs all nutrients through the cell | membrane
Cell Function
57
A critical cellular function necessary for | survival
Protein Synthesis
58
A series of three-base pairs  It identifies one of the 22 amino acids available for protein synthesis
Codon
59
The act of a single cell or group of cells to | reproduce & multiply in number
Cell Proliferation
60
Oogonium (female) & spermatogonium (male) They undergo meiosis
Genetic/Germ Cells
61
All cells in the body except oogonium & spermatogonium o They undergo mitosis
Somatic Cells
62
Process of somatic cell division wherein a parent cell divides to form two daughter cells identical to the parent cell
Mitosis
63
Two Phases of the Cell Cycle
Metaphase (M) & interphase
64
The portion of the cell between mitotic events  The period of growth of the cell between divisions
Interphase
65
Four Phases of the Cell Cycle (Cell Biologist)
M, G1, S & G2
66
Pre-DNA synthesis phase |  The gap in cell growth between M & S
G1 Phase
67
The DNA-synthesis phase  DNA: replicated into two identical daughter DNA molecules  Chromosome: replicate form a twochromatid structure to a four-chromatid structure
S Phase
68
The post-DNA synthesis gap of the cell | growth
G2 Phase
69
Chromosomes: become visible, divide & migrate to daughter cells  DNA: slowly takes the form of the chromosomes as seen microscopically
Mitosis
70
The nucleus swells  DNA: o Becomes more prominent o Begins to take structural form
Prophase
71
equator of the nucleus  Mitosis can be stopped  Chromosomes can be studied carefully under the microscope
Metaphase
72
The final segment of mitosis  Characterized by the disappearance of structural chromosomes into a mass of DNA  The closing off of the nuclear membrane like a dumbbell into two nuclei  Cytoplasm is divided into two equal parts
Telophase
73
The process whereby genetic cells undergo | reduction division
Meiosis
74
Process that occurs during meiosis wherein | chromatids exchange chromosomal materia
Crossover
75
Collection of cells of similar structure & | function
Tissue
76
Collection of tissues of similar structure & | function
Organ
77
``` Combination of tissues & organs that forms an overall integrated organization  Principal Organ Systems: o Nervous, Reproductive, Digestive, Respiratory & Endocrine ```
Organ System
78
Undifferentiated cells, precursor cells or | stem cells
Immature Cells
79
are more sensitive to radiation than | mature cells
Stem cells
80
The covering tissue  It lines all the exposed surfaces of the body, both exterior & interior  It covers the skin, the blood vessels, the abdominal, chest cavities & GI tract
Epithelium
81
Part of an organ that contains tissues | representative of that particular organ
Parenchymal
82
Part of an organ that is composed of | connective tissue & vasculatur
Stromal

rad biology bushong (3 decks)

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