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rad biology bushong > Chapter 32 HUMAN BIOLOGY > Flashcards

Chapter 32 HUMAN BIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Result of: interaction at the atomic level

A

Effects of X-rays on Human

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2
Q

Caused: deposition of energy in tissue

A

Molecular Change

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3
Q

Radiation response occurs within minutes or

days after radiation exposure

A

Early Effect of Radiation

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4
Q

Radiation response that is not observe for 6

months or longer after radiation exposure

A

Late Effect of Radiation

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5
Q

The study of the effects of ionizing radiation

on biologic tissue

A

Radiobiology

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6
Q

It determines the character & degree of the

radiation interaction that occurs

A

Atomic Composition

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7
Q

First named the cell as the biologic building

block

A

Robert Hooke (1665)

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8
Q

Accurately described a living cell on the

basis of his microscopic observations

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1673)

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9
Q

Showed that cells are the basic functional

units in all plants & animals

A

Schneider & Schwann (1838)

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10
Q 
Described the molecular structure of 
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as genetic 
substance of the cell
A

Watson & Crick (1953)

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11
Q

Result: precise mapping of 40,000 human

genes

A

Human Genope Project (2000)

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12
Q

It defines the nature of radiation response

A

Molecular & Tissue Composition

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13
Q

what is proteins, lipids (fats),
carbohydrates (sugars & starches) & nucleic
acids

A

Macromolecules

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14
Q

proteins,

lipids & carbohydrates

A

Principal Organic Molecules

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15
Q

Very large molecules that sometimes consist

of hundreds of thousands of atoms

A

Macromolecules

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16
Q

Life-supporting & contains carbon

A

Organic Molecule

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17
Q

The rarest molecule in the body
 Concentrated in the nucleus of a cell (DNA)
 The most critical & radiosensitive target
molecule

A

Nucleic Acid

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18
Q

The simplest & the most abundant molecular
constituent in the body
 Important Role: delivering energy to the
target molecules (contribute to radiation
effects)

A

Water

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19
Q

Essential for proper metabolism

A

Trace Elements & Inorganic Salts

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20
Q

The state of equilibrium among tissue &

organs

A

Homeostasis

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21
Q

Breaking down into smaller units of

macromolecules

A

Catabolism

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22
Q

The production of large molecules from

small

A

Anabolism

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23
Q

Catabolism & anabolism

A

Metabolism

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24
Q

Long chain macromolecules that consist of a
linear sequence of amino acids connected by
peptide bonds
Provide structure & support
(muscles)
o Enzymes, hormones & antibodies

A

Proteins

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25
Q

The metabolic production of proteins

A

Protein Synthesis

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26
Q

Molecules that are necessary in small
quantities to allow a biochemical reaction to
continue, even though they do not directly
enter into the reaction

A

Enzymes

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27
Q

Molecules that exercise regulatory control
over some body functions
They are produced & secreted by endocrine
glands

A

Hormones

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28
Q

what kind of glands is pituitary, adrenal,

thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas & gonads

A

Endocrine Glands

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29
Q

A primary defense mechanism of the body

against infection & disease

A

Antibodies

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30
Q

Invasive & infectious agent

A

Antigen

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31
Q 
Organic macromolecules composed solely 
of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen
Thermal insulator from environment
o Fuel for the body by providing 
energy stores
A

Lipids

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32
Q

Similar to lipids but their structure is
different
 First considered to be watered or hydrated
carbons
 It is also called saccharides

o Provide shape & stability

A

Carbohydrates

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33
Q

A simple sugar

 The ultimate molecule that fuels the body

A

Glucose

34
Q

Ordinary table sugar

A

Sucrose

35
Q

Plant starches & animal glycogen

A

Polysaccharides

36
Q

A human polysaccharide
 It stored in tissues of the body
 It used only when quantities of the simple
sugar (glucose) are inadequate

A

Glycogen

37
Q

A very large and extremely complex

macromolecules

A

Nucleic Acids

38
Q

The control center for life
 It contains all the hereditary information that
represents a cell or whole individual (germ
cell)

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

39
Q

is the radiation-sensitive target molecule

A

DNA

40
Q

Attached to each deoxyribose molecule

A

Nitrogenous Organic Bases

41
Q

Adenines bonded to

A

thymines

42
Q

Cytosines bonded to

A

guanines

43
Q

The base sugar-phosphate combination

A

Nucleotide

44
Q

Principal Location: cytoplasm

A

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

45
Q

The center of the cell

A

Nucleus

46
Q

A rounded structure that is attached to the

nuclear membraneIt contained most of the RNA

A

Nucleolus

47
Q

A double-walled structure that at some
locations is connected to the endoplasmic
reticulum

A

Nuclear Membrane

48
Q

The bulk of the cell
 It contains great quantities of all molecular
components except DNA

A

Cytoplasm

49
Q

a channel or series or channels that allows
the nucleus to communicate with the
cytoplasm

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

50
Q

The large bean-shaped structures

 The engine of the cel

A

Mitochondria

51
Q 
The small, dot-like structures
 The site of protein synthesis
 Essential to normal cellular function
 Scattered throughout the cytoplasm or the 
endoplasmic reticulum
A

Ribosomes

52
Q 
The small, pea-like sacs
 They contains enzymes capable of digesting 
cellular fragments & sometimes the cell 
itself
 They help to control intracellular 
contaminants
A

Lysosomes

53
Q

Required to produce a measurable change in

any physical characteristic of the molecule

A

1 Mrad (10 kGyt)

54
Q

Lethal Dose: measured in kilorads

A

Single-Cell Organism

55
Q

Human Cells Lethal Dose:

A

< 100 rad (1 Gyt)

56
Q

Absorbs all nutrients through the cell

membrane

A

Cell Function

57
Q

A critical cellular function necessary for

survival

A

Protein Synthesis

58
Q

A series of three-base pairs
 It identifies one of the 22 amino acids
available for protein synthesis

A

Codon

59
Q

The act of a single cell or group of cells to

reproduce & multiply in number

A

Cell Proliferation

60
Q

Oogonium (female) &
spermatogonium (male)
They undergo meiosis

A

Genetic/Germ Cells

61
Q

All cells in the body except
oogonium & spermatogonium
o They undergo mitosis

A

Somatic Cells

62
Q

Process of somatic cell division wherein a
parent cell divides to form two daughter
cells identical to the parent cell

A

Mitosis

63
Q

Two Phases of the Cell Cycle

A

Metaphase (M) & interphase

64
Q

The portion of the cell between mitotic
events
 The period of growth of the cell between
divisions

A

Interphase

65
Q

Four Phases of the Cell Cycle (Cell Biologist)

A

M, G1, S & G2

66
Q

Pre-DNA synthesis phase

 The gap in cell growth between M & S

A

G1 Phase

67
Q

The DNA-synthesis phase
 DNA: replicated into two identical daughter
DNA molecules
 Chromosome: replicate form a twochromatid structure to a four-chromatid
structure

A

S Phase

68
Q

The post-DNA synthesis gap of the cell

growth

A

G2 Phase

69
Q

Chromosomes: become visible, divide &
migrate to daughter cells
 DNA: slowly takes the form of the
chromosomes as seen microscopically

A

Mitosis

70
Q

The nucleus swells
 DNA:
o Becomes more prominent
o Begins to take structural form

A

Prophase

71
Q

equator of the nucleus
 Mitosis can be stopped
 Chromosomes can be studied carefully
under the microscope

A

Metaphase

72
Q

The final segment of mitosis
 Characterized by the disappearance of
structural chromosomes into a mass of DNA
 The closing off of the nuclear membrane
like a dumbbell into two nuclei
 Cytoplasm is divided into two equal parts

A

Telophase

73
Q

The process whereby genetic cells undergo

reduction division

A

Meiosis

74
Q

Process that occurs during meiosis wherein

chromatids exchange chromosomal materia

A

Crossover

75
Q

Collection of cells of similar structure &

function

A

Tissue

76
Q

Collection of tissues of similar structure &

function

A

Organ

77
Q 
Combination of tissues & organs that forms 
an overall integrated organization
 Principal Organ Systems:
o Nervous, Reproductive, Digestive, 
Respiratory & Endocrine
A

Organ System

78
Q

Undifferentiated cells, precursor cells or

stem cells

A

Immature Cells

79
Q

are more sensitive to radiation than

mature cells

A

Stem cells

80
Q

The covering tissue
 It lines all the exposed surfaces of the body,
both exterior & interior
 It covers the skin, the blood vessels, the
abdominal, chest cavities & GI tract

A

Epithelium

81
Q

Part of an organ that contains tissues

representative of that particular organ

A

Parenchymal

82
Q

Part of an organ that is composed of

connective tissue & vasculatur

A

Stromal

rad biology bushong (3 decks)

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