CHAPTER 32 HOMEOSTASIS AND ENDOCRINE SIGNALING

Question 1

what is tissue

Answer 1

groups of cells with similar appearance and common function

Question 2

what are organs

Answer 2

different types of tissues organized into functional units

Question 3

what are organ systems

Answer 3

groups of organs that work together

Question 4

what are the four main types of tissues

Answer 4

muscle, epithelial, connective, nervous

Question 5

epithelial tissue

Answer 5

covering and linings of the body and organs
protection, secretion, absorbing

Question 6

what is an apical surface

Answer 6

facing outside underlying tissue

Question 7

what is a basal surface

Answer 7

facing inside underlying tissue

Question 8

connective tissue

Answer 8

holds stuff together (skin to arm) cells scattered through an extracellular matrix protein makes the skin stick together
tendons, fat, blood

Question 9

adipose tissue

Answer 9

connective, belly fat storage

Question 10

what are the three muscle tissues

Answer 10

skeletal cardiac smooth

Question 11

skeletal tissue

Answer 11

voluntary and striated

Question 12

cardiac tissue

Answer 12

involuntary and striated

Question 13

smooth tissues

Answer 13

involuntary and unstriated

Question 14

nervous tissue

Answer 14

nerves conduct nerve impulses, glial cells support neuron functioning

Question 15

regulator

Answer 15

trying to bring a system to homeostasis, uses internal mechanisms to control internal change despite external fluctuation

Question 16

conformer

Answer 16

not regulating homeostasis, allows internal conditions to change in accordance with external change

Question 17

negative feed back

Answer 17

a control mechanism that reduces the stimulus (sweating regulating body temp)

Question 18

what are the two systems that are used for controlling and coordinating responses

Answer 18

endocrine system and nervous

Question 19

nervous system

Answer 19

neurons transmit signals alone dedicated routes connecting specific locations in the body

Question 20

endocrine system

Answer 20

slower signal that goes everywhere but only the cells that have the receptors will respond (puberty)
endocrine signals are sent by signaling molecules but carried out by the blood (hormones)
good at decking change, sending out signals, gradual change

Question 21

digestive juices

Answer 21

in the stomach, extremely acidic and must be neutralized after leaving the stomach, the release of acid goes into the duodenum and stimulated the endocrine cells to secrete the hormone secretin causing the pancreas to raise its PH to make it more basic

Question 22

hypothalamus

Answer 22

integrates endocrine and nervous system, signals from the hypothalamus travel to the pituitary gland

Question 23

thyroid gland

Answer 23

dictates how much energy you are producing sitting down doing nothing, maintains metabolism and blood calcium levels, controls the way your body is using energy

Question 24

parathyroid

Answer 24

calcium in the blood, cells use calcium for messaging

Question 25

pancreas

Answer 25

maintains blood sugar levels, glucagon gives sugar if there isn’t enough

Question 26

adrenal glands

Answer 26

epinephrine secretion short term stress horomone

Question 27

gonads

Answer 27

testies and ovaries, reproductive hormones

Question 28

osmoregulation

Answer 28

is the general term of the processes by which animals control solute concentration in the interstitial fluid and balance water gain/loss

Question 29

osmoconformers

Answer 29

consisting of some marine animals, are isosmotic with their surroundings, temp outside and temp inside is the same (jellies)

Question 30

osmoregulators

Answer 30

expand energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment, want different temperature inside than outside

Question 31

osmolarity

Answer 31

solute concentration of a solution, determines the movement of water across a selective permeable membrane

Question 32

nitrogenous waste

Answer 32

some animals convert toxic NH3 to less toxic compounds prior to excretion, through pee

Question 33

urea

Answer 33

less toxic than NH3 excretion is common in aquatic animals but requires dilution

Question 34

uric acid

Answer 34

most reptiles excrete, paste (more water efficient) less dilution but more expensive to produce than urea

Question 35

filtration

Answer 35

filtration -> reabsorption -> secretion -> excretion

Question 36

filteration

Answer 36

filtering of bodily fluids

Question 37

reabsorption

Answer 37

reclaiming valuable solutes

Question 38

secretion

Answer 38

adding nonessential or toxic solutes and wastes from the body fluids to the filtrate

Question 39

excretion

Answer 39

releasing processed filtration containing nitrogen waste from the body

Question 40

vertebrate excretory system

Answer 40

blood carries to the kidneys by renal arteries and veins -> kidney has outer renal cortex / inner medulla -> nephrons in cortex (outer) alone cortex and medulla tubes (inner) are microscopic excretory tubules collect urine to excrete it -> blood delivered by glomerulus (ball of capillaries) initial filtration received by bowman’s capsule
finally urine passes to urinary bladder by ureters and urine is expelled from bladder by urethra

Question 41

nephron filtrate processing

Answer 41

nephron (urine secreting tubules in kidney), proximal tubule, loop of henley (ascending and descending), distal tube

Question 42

filtrated water and solute can be adjusted by what

Answer 42

a) nutrients reabsorbed, salts level adjusted
b) osmotic gradients controlling water movement

Question 43

Antidiuretic hormone

Answer 43

makes the collecting duct temporarily more permeable to water, increase in blood osmolarity sets triggering points of ADH, decrease in osmolarity causes a drop of ADH secretion and decrease of permeability