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AP Biology > Chapter 32: An Introduction to Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Chapter 32: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cleavage

A

A succession of mitotic cell divisions without cell growth between division cycles. This leads to a blastula.

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2
Q

Blastula

A

A multicellular stage which in many animals takes the form of a hollow ball. This leads to gastrulation.

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3
Q

Gastrulation

A

A process during which layers of embryonic tissues that will develop into adult body parts are produced. This results in a gastrula.

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4
Q

Gastrula

A

An embryonic stage succeeding gastrulation, which consists of an “indent” of endoderm cells and a shell of ectoderm cells.

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5
Q

Archenteron

A

The developing digestive tube, which gives rise to its lining and related organs such as liver and lungs. The blind pouch formed by gastrulation, which opens to the outside via the blastopore.

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6
Q

Blastopore

A

Opening from the archenteron to the outside of a gastrula.

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7
Q

Blastocoel

A

Inside of the blastula and gastrula stages of animal development.

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8
Q

Closest Living Relatives of Animals

A

Choanoflagellates

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9
Q

Ediacaran Fauna

A

The first generally accepted fossils of animals. 575 mya. Appear similar to corals, mollusks, and worms

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10
Q

Cambrian Explosion

A

The period between 542 and 525 mya when most of the earliest ancestors of extant animal phyla appeared.

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11
Q

Neoproterozoic Era

A

1 Billion–542 Million. First Animal Fossils.

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12
Q

Paleozoic Era

A

542 Million–251 Million. Cambrian Explosion. Vertebrate and Arthropod Transition to Land.

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13
Q

Mesozoic Era

A

251 Million–65 Million. Adaptive Radiation. Filling Niches. Dinosaurs. First Mammals.

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14
Q

Cenozoic Era

A

65.5 Million–Present. Mammals take over for extinct dinosaurs. Global cooling. Apes adapted to new grasslands and became humans.

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15
Q

Grade

A

A group of animal species that share the same level or organizational complexity.

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16
Q

Body Plan

A

The set of morphological and developmental traits that define a grade are integrated into a body plan.

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17
Q

Radial Symmetry

A

Identical planes can be spun around an axis. Sea Anemones.

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18
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

Plane from which identical halves emanate. Lobster.

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19
Q

Dorsal Side

A

Top Side

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20
Q

Ventral Side

A

Bottom Side

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21
Q

Anterior End

A

Head End

22
Q

Posterior End

A

Tail End

23
Q

Cephalization

A

The concentration of sensor equipment at the anterior end of bilaterally symmetric animals.

24
Q

Tissues

A

Collections of specialized cells isolated from other tissues by membranous layers.

25
Q

Ectoderm

A

The germ layer covering the surface of the embryo, gives rise to the outer covering of the animal and its nervous system.

26
Q

Endoderm

A

The innermost germ layer, lines the developing digestive tube, or archenteron

27
Q

Diploblastic

A

Animals with only ectoderm and endoderm. Cnidarians.

28
Q

Mesoderm

A

The germ layer between endoderm and ectoderm which forms muscle and organs between other layers.

29
Q

Triploblastic

A

Having three germ layers.

30
Q

Germ layers

A

Concentric layers of tissues formed through gastrulation.

31
Q

Body Cavity

A

A fluid-filled space separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall. A true body cavity is formed from the mesoderm.

32
Q

Coelum

A

Body Cavity

33
Q

Coelumates

A

Animals with a true coelum.

34
Q

Pseudocoelumates

A

Animals with a coelum derived from the blastocoel rather than the mesoderm.

35
Q

Acoelumates

A

Animals with no coelum.

36
Q

Protostome Development

A

Development characterized by spiral cleavage (often with determinate cleavage), schizocoelous development of the coelum, and a blastopore which becomes the mouth.

37
Q

Deuterostome Development

A

Development characterized by radial cleavage (usually with indeterminate cleavage), enterocoelous development of the coelum, and a blastopore which becomes the anus.

38
Q

Spiral Cleavage

A

Development with planes of cell division diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo. Protostome.

39
Q

Determinate Cleavage

A

Cleavage associated with spiral cleavage and protostomes, in which the fate of cells is determined very early by differentiation.

40
Q

Radial Cleavage

A

Development of radial planes of cell division parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the egg. Deuterostome.

41
Q

Indeterminate Cleavage

A

Cleavage associated with radial cleavage and deuterostomes, in which the fate of cells is not determined early on and the cells can each form full organisms for a time.

42
Q

Schizocoelous Development

A

Development of the Coelum (body cavity) from masses of mesoderm that have split off of the archenteron.

43
Q

Enterocoelous Development

A

Development of the Coelum (body cavity) from mesoderm buds on the wall of the archenteron.

44
Q

Animal Ancestry

A

All animals share a common ancestor.

45
Q

Parazoan

A

Beside the animals. Sponges are basal animals.

46
Q

Eumetazoa

A

A clade of animals with true tissues.

47
Q

Bilateria

A

Defines large clade and grade called bilaterians.

48
Q

Deuterostomia

A

Clade that includes vertebrates.

49
Q

Ecdysozoans

A

Taxa defined using molecular systematics that is a sister to lophotrochozoans and deuterostomia in the bilateria clade. It refers to the secretion of exoskeletons from which animals molt.

50
Q

Lophotrochozoans

A

Taxa defined using molecular systematics that is a sister to deuterostomia and ecdysozoans in the bilateria clade. It is defined by either a lophophore or a stage called a trochophore larva.

51
Q

Lophophore

A

A ciliated crest that helps in feeding.

52
Q

Trochophore larva

A

A distinctive larval stage.

AP Biology (4 decks)

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