Chapter 32 Activity

Question 1

ankylosis is ___

Answer 1

fixation or immobilization of a joint

Question 2

flaccidity:

Answer 2

decreased muscle tone; synonym for hypotonicity

Question 3

footdrop is __

Answer 3

complication resulting from extended plantar flexion

Question 4

d

Answer 4

isokinetic exercise: exercise involving muscle contractions with resistance varying at a constant rate

Question 5

t

Answer 5

isotonic exercise: movement in which muscles shorten (contract) and move

Question 6

negative nitrogen balance: condition resulting in muscle wasting and decreased physical energy for movement and work (e.g., anorexia nervosa and certain cancers)

Answer 6

v

Question 7

s

Answer 7

spasticity: increased muscle tone

Question 8

t

Answer 8

tonus: normal, partially steady state of muscle contraction

Question 9

dcDiarthrosis

Answer 9

1. : articulation that permits free movement. 2. : a freely movable joint—called also synovial joint.

Question 10

Condyloid joint: The oval head of one bone fits into a shallow cavity of another bone; flexion–extension and abduction–adduction can occur (e.g., wrist joint and joints connecting fingers to palm).

Answer 10

c

Question 11

Saddle joint: Bone surfaces are convex on one side and concave on the other; movements include flexion–extension, adduction–abduction, circumduction, and opposition (e.g., joint between the trapezium and metacarpal of the thumb).

Answer 11

saddle

Question 12

Adduction Lateral movement of a body part toward the midline of the body. Example: A person’s arm is adducted when it is moved from an outstretched position to a position alongside the body.

Answer 12

z

Question 13

Inversion Movement of the sole of the foot inward (occurs at the ankle) Eversion Movement of the sole of the foot outward (occurs at the ankle)

Answer 13

z

Question 14

d

Answer 14

(1) the attachment of a muscle to the more stationary bone is called the point of origin, and (2) the attachment to the more movable bone is the point of insertion

Question 15

a

Answer 15

The afferent neurons convey information from receptors in the periphery of the body to the central nervous system

Question 16

p

Answer 16

Postural tonus, the sustained contraction of select skeletal muscles that keeps the human body in an upright position against the force of gravity, depends on the functioning of several postural reflexes: Labyrinthine sense: The sensory organs in the inner ear provide this sense of position, orientation, and movement. Body movement (e.g., changes in head position) stimulates the sensory organs, which then transmit these impulses to the cerebellum. Proprioceptor or kinesthetic sense: This informs the brain of the location of a limb or body part as a result of joint movements stimulating special nerve endings in muscles, tendons, and fascia. Visual or optic reflexes: Visual impressions contribute to posture by alerting the person to spatial relationships with the environment (nearness of ceilings, walls, furniture, condition of floor, etc.). Extensor or stretch reflexes: When extensor muscles are stretched beyond a certain point (e.g., when knees buckle under), their stimulation causes a reflex contraction that aids a person to reestablish erect posture (e.g., straighten the knee).

Question 17

older adult

Answer 17

Increased convexity in the thoracic spine (kyphosis) from disk shrinkage and decreased height

Question 18

d

Answer 18

torticollis (inclining of head to affected side

Question 19

c

Answer 19

lordosis (exaggerated anterior convex curvature of the spine) or scoliosis (lateral curvature of the spine);

Question 20

d

Answer 20

achondroplasia, in which premature bone ossification (bone tissue formation) leads to dwarfism

Question 21

f

Answer 21

Paget disease, in which excessive bone destruction and abnormal regeneration result in skeletal pain, deformities, and pathologic fractures

Question 22

Myotonic muscular dystrophy involves prolonged muscle spasms or stiffening after use. Duchenne muscular dystrophy involves a muscle decrease in size, as well as weakening of muscles over time.

Answer 22

b

Question 23

p

Answer 23

Basal ganglia integrate semivoluntary movements such as walking, swimming, and laughing. In Parkinson disease, there is progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia of the cerebrum, thus affecting walking and coordination. Unnecessary skeletal movements result in tremors and muscle rigidity, which interfere with voluntary movement.

Question 24

d

Answer 24

In multiple sclerosis, the myelin sheaths of neurons in the CNS deteriorate to hardened scars or plaques. Plaque formation in the cerebellum may produce lack of coordination, tremors, and/or weakness.

Question 25

f

Answer 25

The pyramidal pathways convey voluntary motor impulses from the brain through the spinal cord by way of two major pathways: (1) the pyramidal pathway and (2) the extrapyramidal pathway. With trauma to the spinal cord, transection (severing) of these motor pathways results in complete bilateral loss of voluntary movement below the level of the trauma.

Question 26

c

Answer 26

Diseases characterized by a larger breakdown of protein than that which is manufactured leads to a negative nitrogen balance (e.g., anorexia nervosa and certain cancers) that results in muscle wasting and decreased physical energy for movement and work.

Question 27

immobility

Answer 27

↑Risk for electrolyte imbalance, Risk for learned helplessness

Question 28

Waht is Fowler's position?

Answer 28

The Semi-Fowler's position is the position of a patient who is lying in bed in a supine position with the head of the bed at approximately 30 to 45 degrees. Upright at 90 degrees is full or high Fowler's position. Semi-Fowler's would be tilted back to approximately 30 degrees.