Chapter 3.2 Flashcards
Where is the cerebral cortex and how is it divided?
Outermost portion of the brain
* 2 hemispheres that are connected by bundles of neuron fibers
What are the primary neuron fibers in the cerebral cortex?
- corpus callosum
- anterior commissure
What is the function of the cerebral cortex neuron fibers?
To integrate motor, sensory, and cognitive performances between hemispheres
What kinds of matter are in the cerebral cortex?
Gray and white matter
What is gray matter?
- Mostly cell bodies and blood vessels
- Heavily folded in the skull, producing gyri and sulci
What is white matter?
Myelin-sheathed neuron axons
What are the lobes of the brain?
4 sections of gray matter in each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex
* Occipital
* Temporal
* Parietal
* Frontal
What are the 6 layers of cells in the cerebral cortex called, and how are they organized?
Laminae, and they are parallel to the surface of the cortex and organized in columns
What is the occipital lobe?
- Located at posterior end of cortex
- AKA primary visual cortex
- Activated during visual imagination
What can damage in the occipital lobe result in?
Cortical vision impairment
What is the temporal lobe?
- Located at sides of cerebral cortex, near temples
- Processes auditory information
- Works with motor cortex for speech
How is the temporal lobe associated in memory formation?
The hippocampus is located in the temporal lobe
What can damage in the temporal lobe result in?
Wernicke’s aphasia
What is Wernicke’s aphasia?
Inability to understanding communication and meaning
What is the parietal lobe?
- Located on top, toward the back of the brain
- Includes primary somatosensory cortex
- Functions with body sensations, receives sensations from various receptors
- Involved with processing spatial and numerical information
What can damage to the parietal lobe result in?
Difficulties in orientation, taste, touch, and sensing temperature
What is the primary somatosensory cortex?
An important processing hub for incoming sensations
* Divided into lateral/side (facial sensations) and medial/top (body sensations)
What is the frontal lobe?
- Located at front; most anterior lobe
- Contains prefrontal cortex and primary motor cortex
- Associated with reasoning, higher-level cognition, and expressive language
What can damage to the frontal lobe result in?
Impaired impulsivity, socialization, critical thinking, and attention
What is the primary motor cortex?
Controls fine motor movement
* Divided into lateral/side and medial/top
What is the sensorimotor cortex?
Primary somatosensory and motor cortices that are 4 strips (2 left, 2 right) of cortex close together
Who was Dr. Wilder Penfield?
Canadian neurosurgeon who made maps of the brain (“homunculus”) that showed how parts of the brain correspond with bodily reactions
Do parts of the cerebral cortex work independently?
No, they all communicate and work together
What is the Binding Problem?
Visual, auditory, and other areas of the brain produce the perception of a single object
* Proposed existence of synchronous waves of activity
What must happen for binding to occur?
2 sensations perceived as happening at the same time and place
* Ex. ventriloquist
The Frontal Lobe is ____ to the Central Sulcus
anterior
The Temporal Lobe is ____ to the Parietal Lobe
lateral
The Occipital Lobe is ____ to the Temporal Lobe
posterior
The Cerebellum is ____ to the Occipital Lobe
posterior
The Parietal Lobe is ____ to the Cerebellum
dorsal