Chapter 3.2

Question 1

Where is the cerebral cortex and how is it divided?

Answer 1

Outermost portion of the brain
* 2 hemispheres that are connected by bundles of neuron fibers

Question 2

What are the primary neuron fibers in the cerebral cortex?

Answer 2

• corpus callosum
• anterior commissure

Question 3

What is the function of the cerebral cortex neuron fibers?

Answer 3

To integrate motor, sensory, and cognitive performances between hemispheres

Question 4

What kinds of matter are in the cerebral cortex?

Answer 4

Gray and white matter

Question 5

What is gray matter?

Answer 5

• Mostly cell bodies and blood vessels
• Heavily folded in the skull, producing gyri and sulci

Question 6

What is white matter?

Answer 6

Myelin-sheathed neuron axons

Question 7

What are the lobes of the brain?

Answer 7

4 sections of gray matter in each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex
* Occipital
* Temporal
* Parietal
* Frontal

Question 8

What are the 6 layers of cells in the cerebral cortex called, and how are they organized?

Answer 8

Laminae, and they are parallel to the surface of the cortex and organized in columns

Question 9

What is the occipital lobe?

Answer 9

• Located at posterior end of cortex
• AKA primary visual cortex
• Activated during visual imagination

Question 10

What can damage in the occipital lobe result in?

Answer 10

Cortical vision impairment

Question 11

What is the temporal lobe?

Answer 11

• Located at sides of cerebral cortex, near temples
• Processes auditory information
• Works with motor cortex for speech

Question 12

How is the temporal lobe associated in memory formation?

Answer 12

The hippocampus is located in the temporal lobe

Question 13

What can damage in the temporal lobe result in?

Answer 13

Wernicke’s aphasia

Question 14

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

Answer 14

Inability to understanding communication and meaning

Question 15

What is the parietal lobe?

Answer 15

• Located on top, toward the back of the brain
• Includes primary somatosensory cortex
• Functions with body sensations, receives sensations from various receptors
• Involved with processing spatial and numerical information

Question 16

What can damage to the parietal lobe result in?

Answer 16

Difficulties in orientation, taste, touch, and sensing temperature

Question 17

What is the primary somatosensory cortex?

Answer 17

An important processing hub for incoming sensations
* Divided into lateral/side (facial sensations) and medial/top (body sensations)

Question 18

What is the frontal lobe?

Answer 18

• Located at front; most anterior lobe
• Contains prefrontal cortex and primary motor cortex
• Associated with reasoning, higher-level cognition, and expressive language

Question 19

What can damage to the frontal lobe result in?

Answer 19

Impaired impulsivity, socialization, critical thinking, and attention

Question 20

What is the primary motor cortex?

Answer 20

Controls fine motor movement
* Divided into lateral/side and medial/top

Question 21

What is the sensorimotor cortex?

Answer 21

Primary somatosensory and motor cortices that are 4 strips (2 left, 2 right) of cortex close together

Question 22

Who was Dr. Wilder Penfield?

Answer 22

Canadian neurosurgeon who made maps of the brain (“homunculus”) that showed how parts of the brain correspond with bodily reactions

Question 23

Do parts of the cerebral cortex work independently?

Answer 23

No, they all communicate and work together

Question 24

What is the Binding Problem?

Answer 24

Visual, auditory, and other areas of the brain produce the perception of a single object
* Proposed existence of synchronous waves of activity

Question 25

What must happen for binding to occur?

Answer 25

2 sensations perceived as happening at the same time and place
* Ex. ventriloquist

Question 26

The Frontal Lobe is ____ to the Central Sulcus

Answer 26

anterior

Question 27

The Temporal Lobe is ____ to the Parietal Lobe

Answer 27

lateral

Question 28

The Occipital Lobe is ____ to the Temporal Lobe

Answer 28

posterior

Question 29

The Cerebellum is ____ to the Occipital Lobe

Answer 29

posterior

Question 30

The Parietal Lobe is ____ to the Cerebellum

Answer 30

dorsal