Chapter 3.1 Flashcards
What is neuroanatomy?
Anatomy of the nervous system
What is the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
What is the peripheral nervous system?
Connects brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body
What is the somatic nervous system?
- Part of the peripheral nervous system
- Made of axons
what do the axons in the somatic nervous system do?
Take in messages from sensory organs, sending input to central nervous system, which sends inputs to the muscles
What is the autonomic nervous system?
- Part of peripheral nervous system
- Controls body’s organs
What is the enteric nervous system?
- Part of autonomic nervous system
- Controls digestive system
What dimensions are the nervous system?
3-Dimensional
What does dorsal mean?
Toward the back
What does ventral mean?
Toward the stomach
What kind of angle is the dorsal/ventral axis of the human brain to the dorsal/ventral axis of the spinal cord?
90 degrees
What does medial mean?
Toward the midline, away from the side
What does lateral mean?
Toward the side, away from the midline
What does ipsilateral mean?
Positioned on the same side(s) of the body
What does contralateral mean?
Positioned on opposite sides of the body
What are the dorsal root ganglia?
Clusters of neurons outside of the spinal cord
What is the spinal cord?
- Part of the central nervous system in the spinal column
- Communicates with all sensory organs and muscles, except those in the head
Where are the cell bodies of motor neurons?
Inside the spinal cord
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
- Network of nerves that prepare organs for vigorous activity
- Sympathetic axons prepare organs for flight-or-fight
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
- “rest and digest” system
- AKA craniosacral system
- Faciliatates non-emergency responses
- Opposite of sympathetic activities
What are examples of the sympathetic nervous system versus the parasympathetic nervous system?
- Sympathetic NS incresases heart rate, while parasympathetic NS decresases heart rate
- Parasympathetic NS increases digestive activity, while sympathetic NS decreases digestive activity
Why is the parasympathetic nervous system also referred to as the craniosacral system?
It contains cranial nerves and nerves from the spinal cord
Are OTC cold medicines pro-sympathetic or anti-sympathetic?
- Pro-sympathetic, anti-parasympathetic
- Block parasympathetic activity and/or increase sympathetic activity
What are the major divisions of the vertebrate brain?
- Hindbrain
- Midbrain
- Forebrain
What is the medulla?
- In hindbrain
- Enlarged extension of spinal cord
What do cranial nerves in the medulla control?
Vital reflexes
* Breathing, heart rate, vomitting, salivation, coughing, sneezing, etc.
What is the cerebellum?
- Large hindbrain structure
- Involved in balance and coordination, learning, language, sociability, attention, memories, etc.
What is substantia nigra?
- Midbrain structure
- Related to dopamine-contained pathway that facilitates readiness for movement
What is the thalamus?
- A pair of structures in the center of the forebrain
- Takes in sensory input, processes it, and sends otuput to cerebral cortex
What is the exception to the sensory input that the thalamus processes and sends to the cerebral cortex?
Olfactory information
What is the hypothalamus?
- Forebrain structure
- Related to motivated behaviors
- Sends messages to the pituitary gland and alters release of hormones
- Gateway from nervous system to endocrine system
What is the basal ganglia?
- Group of subcortical structures in forebrain
- Associated with voluntary movement
- Integrate motivational and emotional behavior to increase the vigor for selected actions
What can damage to the basal ganglia result in?
Huntington’s Disease or Parkinson’s Disease
What is the hippocampus?
- Large forebrain structure
- Associated with memory
What are pons?
- Hindbrain
- Control facial sensation, eye rotations away from body’s center, breathing, balance, etc.
- Sends sound input from ears to brain
What is the Limbic System?
- Subcortical system that contains a collection of structures involved with instinct and mood
- Associated with basic emotions and drives
