Chapter 31: Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproductive

Question 0

Which of the following is closest to the center of a woody stem?

a. Vascular cambium
b. Primary phloem
c. Secondary phloem
d. Primary xylem
e. Secondary xylem

Answer 0

d. Primary xylem

The vascular cambium forms to the outside of the primary xylem. The secondary xylem forms between primary xylem and vascular cambium. The secondary phloem and primary phloem are outside the vascular cambium.

Question 1

What plant part commonly contributes to asexual reproduction?

a. Flowers
b. Seeds
c. Fruits
d. Roots

Answer 1

d. Roots

Question 2

A pea pod is formed from ___. A pea inside the pod is formed from ___.

Answer 2

An ovary… An ovule

Question 3

In angiosperms, each pollen grain produces two sperm. What do these sperm do?

Answer 3

One fertilizes an egg, and the other fertilizes a cell that develops into stored food.

Question 4

What part of the plant attracts pollinators?

Answer 4

Petal

Question 5

What part of the plant develops into seed?

Answer 5

Ovule

Question 6

What part of the plant protects the flower before it opens?

Answer 6

Sepal

Question 7

What part of the flower produces sperm?

Answer 7

Pollen grain

Question 8

What part of the flower produces pollen?

Answer 8

Anther

Question 9

What part of the plant houses ovules?

Answer 9

Ovary

Question 10

How does a fruit develop from a flower?

Answer 10

Pollen is deposited on the stigma of a carpel, and a pollen tube grows to the ovary at the base of the carpel. Sperm travel down the pollen tube and fertilize egg cells in ovules. The ovules grow into seeds, and the ovary grows into the flesh of the fruit. As the seeds mature, the fruit ripens and falls.

Question 11

Name two kinds of asexual reproduction.

Answer 11

Fragmentation of bulbs and sprouting from roots

Question 13

Advantages of asexual reproduction over sexual reproduction

Answer 13

Saves energy, courtship is a non-issue, and greatest increase in fitness for each individual

Question 14

Advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction

Answer 14

High genetic variability, facilitates adaptation, and “speeds up” evolution

Question 15

Describe the process of double fertilization and the formation of the seed and fruit. (4 steps)

Answer 15

1. Pollen germinates on the stigma. Pollen tube begins growing down the style.
2. The pollen generative cell nucleus divides to form two sperm nuclei in pollen tube.
3. Pollen tube completes growth toward the egg.
4. One sperm nucleus unites with the egg to form the zygote. The other fuses with the two polar nuclei to form endosperm (nutrient tissue).

Question 16

Each plant organ (root, stem, or leaf) has three types of tissues. What are they?

Answer 16

Dermal, Vascular and Ground

Question 17

What does the dermal tissue do?

Answer 17

Provides protection through
>tightly packed cells called the epidermis
>a waxy layer called the cuticle, which reduces water loss

Question 18

What does the vascular tissue do?

Answer 18

Provides support and long-distance transfer. Made up of
>xylem tissue: contains water-conducting cells that convey water and dissolved minerals upward from roots
>phloem tissue: transports sugars and other organic nutrients from leaves or storage tissues to other parts of the plant

Question 19

What does ground tissue do?

Answer 19

Composes the bulk of the plant body and is involved in food production, storage, and support.

Question 20

What is eudicot stem ground tissue divided into?

Answer 20

Pith and cortex

Question 21

What is leaf ground tissue called?

Answer 21

Mesophyll

Question 22

What is the significance of meristems?

Answer 22

Plant growth occurs in meristem tissue and consists of undifferentiated cells that divide when conditions permit.

Question 23

Facts about primary growth

Answer 23

• Occurs in apical meristems
• Allows roots to push downward into the soil
• Allows shoots to grow upward toward the sun

Question 24

Facts about secondary growth

Answer 24

• Occurs in lateral meristems

- Thickens roots and stems

Question 25

What is the stamen of a plant and what is it made up of?

Answer 25

The stamen is the male part of the plant. It contains anthers (which produces pollen) and filament (which supports the anthers).

Question 26

What is the pistil and what is it made up of?

Answer 26

The pistil is the female part of the plant. It contains the stigma (catches pollen with a sticky end), the style (a passageway for pollen), the ovule (seed develop here) and the ovary (becomes the fruit).

Question 27

Name a disadvantage of cloning as a propagation technique.

Answer 27

Cloning produces monocultures that can potentially be wiped out by a single disease.

Question 28

The seeds that were in your grandma’s attic -what is their condition?

Answer 28

The seeds are alive, but dormant. A dormant seed is one that is unable to germinate due to unsuitable environment factors, when the probability of seedling survival is low.

Question 29

In hot, dry conditions the stomata will often close to conserve water. Which reactant for photosynthesis is limited by this action?

Answer 29

Carbon dioxide

Question 30

What is the node of a plant stem?

Answer 30

The point of leaf attachment

Question 31

Which type of tissue deals with metabolic activities of the plant?

Answer 31

Parenchyma

Question 32

Which type of cells provide flexible support to the growing parts of plants?

Answer 32

Collenchyma cells

Question 33

If you carve you initials in the trunk of a tree, will they move up as the tree grows?

Answer 33

No, because elongation occurs just below the tips of growing stems in the apical meristems.

Question 34

Importance of the xylem tissue

Answer 34

Contains water-conducting cells that convey water and dissolved minerals upward from roots

Question 35

Importance of the phloem tissue

Answer 35

Transports sugars and other organic nutrients from leaves or storage tissues to other parts of the plant