Chapter 31: Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproductive Flashcards
Which of the following is closest to the center of a woody stem?
a. Vascular cambium
b. Primary phloem
c. Secondary phloem
d. Primary xylem
e. Secondary xylem
d. Primary xylem
The vascular cambium forms to the outside of the primary xylem. The secondary xylem forms between primary xylem and vascular cambium. The secondary phloem and primary phloem are outside the vascular cambium.
What plant part commonly contributes to asexual reproduction?
a. Flowers
b. Seeds
c. Fruits
d. Roots
d. Roots
A pea pod is formed from ___. A pea inside the pod is formed from ___.
An ovary… An ovule
In angiosperms, each pollen grain produces two sperm. What do these sperm do?
One fertilizes an egg, and the other fertilizes a cell that develops into stored food.
What part of the plant attracts pollinators?
Petal
What part of the plant develops into seed?
Ovule
What part of the plant protects the flower before it opens?
Sepal
What part of the flower produces sperm?
Pollen grain
What part of the flower produces pollen?
Anther
What part of the plant houses ovules?
Ovary
How does a fruit develop from a flower?
Pollen is deposited on the stigma of a carpel, and a pollen tube grows to the ovary at the base of the carpel. Sperm travel down the pollen tube and fertilize egg cells in ovules. The ovules grow into seeds, and the ovary grows into the flesh of the fruit. As the seeds mature, the fruit ripens and falls.
Name two kinds of asexual reproduction.
Fragmentation of bulbs and sprouting from roots
Advantages of asexual reproduction over sexual reproduction
Saves energy, courtship is a non-issue, and greatest increase in fitness for each individual
Advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction
High genetic variability, facilitates adaptation, and “speeds up” evolution
Describe the process of double fertilization and the formation of the seed and fruit. (4 steps)
- Pollen germinates on the stigma. Pollen tube begins growing down the style.
- The pollen generative cell nucleus divides to form two sperm nuclei in pollen tube.
- Pollen tube completes growth toward the egg.
- One sperm nucleus unites with the egg to form the zygote. The other fuses with the two polar nuclei to form endosperm (nutrient tissue).
Each plant organ (root, stem, or leaf) has three types of tissues. What are they?
Dermal, Vascular and Ground
What does the dermal tissue do?
Provides protection through
>tightly packed cells called the epidermis
>a waxy layer called the cuticle, which reduces water loss
What does the vascular tissue do?
Provides support and long-distance transfer. Made up of
>xylem tissue: contains water-conducting cells that convey water and dissolved minerals upward from roots
>phloem tissue: transports sugars and other organic nutrients from leaves or storage tissues to other parts of the plant
What does ground tissue do?
Composes the bulk of the plant body and is involved in food production, storage, and support.
What is eudicot stem ground tissue divided into?
Pith and cortex
What is leaf ground tissue called?
Mesophyll
What is the significance of meristems?
Plant growth occurs in meristem tissue and consists of undifferentiated cells that divide when conditions permit.
Facts about primary growth
- Occurs in apical meristems
- Allows roots to push downward into the soil
- Allows shoots to grow upward toward the sun
Facts about secondary growth
- Occurs in lateral meristems
- Thickens roots and stems
What is the stamen of a plant and what is it made up of?
The stamen is the male part of the plant. It contains anthers (which produces pollen) and filament (which supports the anthers).
What is the pistil and what is it made up of?
The pistil is the female part of the plant. It contains the stigma (catches pollen with a sticky end), the style (a passageway for pollen), the ovule (seed develop here) and the ovary (becomes the fruit).
Name a disadvantage of cloning as a propagation technique.
Cloning produces monocultures that can potentially be wiped out by a single disease.
The seeds that were in your grandma’s attic -what is their condition?
The seeds are alive, but dormant. A dormant seed is one that is unable to germinate due to unsuitable environment factors, when the probability of seedling survival is low.
In hot, dry conditions the stomata will often close to conserve water. Which reactant for photosynthesis is limited by this action?
Carbon dioxide
What is the node of a plant stem?
The point of leaf attachment
Which type of tissue deals with metabolic activities of the plant?
Parenchyma
Which type of cells provide flexible support to the growing parts of plants?
Collenchyma cells
If you carve you initials in the trunk of a tree, will they move up as the tree grows?
No, because elongation occurs just below the tips of growing stems in the apical meristems.
Importance of the xylem tissue
Contains water-conducting cells that convey water and dissolved minerals upward from roots
Importance of the phloem tissue
Transports sugars and other organic nutrients from leaves or storage tissues to other parts of the plant
