Chapter 31: Pain Flashcards
What are the most common areas that are reported as severe pain?
Headache, lower back, neck, and facial pain
What is an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damaged?
Pain
true or false:
Pain is subjective and can measure pain objectivity
false: cannot measure pain objectively
Origin of pain refers to
the site where pain is felt.
Cutaneous/ Superficial Pain
pain felt in subcutaneous tissue (paper cut)
stimulated by deep internal pain receptors (menstrual cramps)
Visceral Pain
Deep Somatic Pain
originates in the ligaments, tendons, bones, nerves, blood vessels, and bones (a fracture or sprain)
What pain occurs in area distant from the origin
Referred Pain
Phantom Pain
pain felt on amputated limb
Psychogenic Pain
refers to pain that comes from mind ( depression)
This type of pain is a short duration and is generally rapid in onset, varies in intensity and may last unto 6 months.
Acute Pain
Chronic Pain:
pain that lasted 6 months or longer
Intractable Pain:
is both chronic and highly resistant to relief
Hyperalgesia
sensitive to pain
Transduction is?
nociceptors become activated by the perception of potentially damaging mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli
Mechanical Stimuli:
are external forces that result in pressure or friction against the body (bleeding swelling surgical incisions)
Thermal Stimuli:
result from exposure to extreme heat or cold
Example of a Chemical Stimuli
example: lemon juice on open area
Tissue damage promotes the release of substances such as ____,____, and ____. These three activate nociceptors in the surrounding tissue.
bradykinin, histamine and prostate gland ands.
What is a vasodialtor that triggers a release of inflammatory chemicals and inflammation is the most frequent cause of pain?
Bradykinin
Transmission is
pain messages are conducted to the spinal cord along with either A Delta fiber and C fiber
A-Delta Fibers are
fast pain impulse (initial pain)
C-Fibers are
slow pain impulse (lingering pain)
Pain Perception is?
Recognize and defining a stimulus as pain in frontal cortex
Pain threshold is?
defines stimulus as actual pain
Pain that patients are willing to endure?
Pain tolerance
What is a process that changes the perception of pain by either facilitating or inhibiting pain signals
Pain modulation
Older adults may be unable to report pain because of ?
cognitive impairment
pain tolerance is?
duration or intensity of pain that a person is willing to endure
Changing pain perception by facilitating or inhibiting pain signals is know as?
Pain Modulation
Pain relief is usually provided by?
Endogenous opioids
When pain occurs, where do C-Fibers travel?
to the periphery to the brain, which encounter the gate control which allows/block the transmutation of pain sensation to the brain.
If a patients pain is unresolved or chronic, what happens to the blood pressure and pulse rate?
lower than normal
What does it mean is a patient is going through a paradoxical reaction?
Patients pain may increase even though there was an increase in dose of opioids.
Assessing a patients Pain includes?
Complete pain history such as onset, location
When applying heat/cold to pain area, what should you do and be aware of?
when applying it, only 15 minute at a time…to avoid tissue damage
What are three types of pharmacological measures if pain ?
Nonopioid analgesics, opioid angalgesics, Adjuvant analgesics
Nonopiod analgesics include?
Nonsteroidal ani-inflmmatory drugs:
aspirin, ibuprofen
acetaminophe:
(most safe) fever reducing property
What reduces the amount of opioid the patient requires?
Adjuvant Analgesics
muscle relaxants and corticosteriods etc.
Opioid Analgestics
natural and synthetic compounds to relive pain: IV IM transdermal epidural
