chapter 31: disorders of ventilation and gas exchange Flashcards
__ lines the thoracic wall and superior aspect of the diaphragm
parietal pleura
__ covers the lungs
visceral pleura
__ is the space between the two layers that contains a thing layer of serous fluid
pleural cavity
__ must be matched
ventialtion-perfusion
__ flow in and out the lungs must match with __ flow to the lungs
air; blood
__ fluid in the pleural cavity
pleural effusion
__ accumulation of serous fluid (yellowish fluid)
hydrothorax
__ is seen in heart, renal, and liver failure
hydrothorax
__ is an infection in the pleural cavity that produces pus
empyema
__ comes from the lymphs and produces a milky white substance resulting from trauma and inflammation
chylothorax
__ is blood in the pleural cavity that results from chest injury or surgery and requires drainage
hemothorax
__ is a way to extract fluid from the lungs
thorocentesis
__ air entering the pleural cavity
pneumothorax
there is __ and __ pneumothorax
spontaneous; traumatic
__ pneumothorax produces air-filled blisters on the lungs and ruptures. this leads to atelectasis (collapsed lung)
spontaneous
__ pneumothorax is when air enters the pleural cavity through a wound on inhalation and cannot leave during exhalation
traumatic
there are 2 types of traumatic pneumothorax: __ and __
open; tension
__ pneumothorax can lead to atelectasis bc air moves into and out of an opening in the chest wall where the unaffected lung is decompressed by the heart (mediastinum flutter) and moves back during exhalation
open
during inspiration, the unaffected lungs have a __(decreased/increased) amount of air due to mediastinum flutter
decreased
__ pneumothorax is when air moves into the lungs from a puncture wound during inhalation, but does not move out during expiration due to a flap that closes. this causes a mediastinum shift during inhalation and exhalation.
tension
tension pneumothorax can result in a decrease in venous and CO2 return bc of __
mediastinum shift
__ of pneumothorax include:
increased rr
ipsilateral lung pain
asymmetry of chest during inspiration
decreased breath sounds on affected side
s/s
to diagnose pneumothorax, you can use a(n) __, __, or __
x-ray; ct scan; ultrasound
treatment for pneumothorax includes __ and __
small spontaneous (air reabsorbed on its own); need aspiration
in __ there are periodic episodes of severe but reversible airway inflammation
asthma
the bronchioles constrict, inflamed with edema, and increase thick mucus secretion occurs in __
asthma
asthma causes __, __, __, __, and __
bronchospasm; mucus hypersecretion; airway edema; epithelial injury; airflow limitation
asthma can be __
reversible
the two types of asthma are __ and __
intrinsic; extrinsic
__ (atopic) triggers type 1 hypersensitivity reaction (IgE mediated asthma)
extrinsic
__ (intrinsic/extrinsic) asthma involves sensitized mast cells
extrinsic
the early/acute phase response of extrinsic asthma ranges from __ (10-20mins/4-8hrs)
10 - 20 mins
the late phase response of extrinsic asthma ranges from __ (10-20mins/4-8hrs)
4 -8 hours
__ (non-atopic) asthma is triggered by respiratory infections, cold, exercise, and drugs
intrinsic
cough, marked dyspnea, tight feeling in chest and agitation
wheezing
thick mucus is coughed up
rapid breathing with use of accessory muscles
tachycardia
are __ of asthma
s/s
treatment for asthma include:
__
__
__
__
__
avoid the triggers; inhalers; glucocorticoid (reduces inflammation); leukotriene anatagonist (reduces inflammation); cromolyn sodium (decreases sensitivity of mast cells; used to prevent severity of future attacks but not to treat acute attacks bc histamine is released)
people with severe/refractory asthma need a __ of medication for good asthma control or persistent symptoms
high
people with severe or refractory asthma are more likely to __ from an asthma attack
die
a group of chronic respiratory disorders resulting in progressive tissue destruction and obstruction of the air passages is called __
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
people with copd have __, __, and __
emphysema; chronic bronchitits; bronchiectasis
copd can result in __ due to severe hypoxia and/or hypercapnia
respiratory failure
copd can reuslt in __ (right side congestive heart failure due to lung disease)
cor pulmonale
__ is an increase compliance to air flow bc of chronic or recurring expiratory obstruction
emphysema
in emphysema, there is a __ of alveoli wall (decreases surface area), loss of __ (decreased gas exchange), and loss of __ (easy to get air in, but not out)
breakdown; pulmonary capillaries; elastic fibers
__ increases neutrophil numbers which stimulates the release of __ that damages the alveoli by breaking down the elastic tissue
smoking; elastase
dyspnea
hyperventilation
anorexia
clubbed fingers with secondary polycythemia
are all __ of emphysema
s/s
__ obstruction of small airways and inflammation of the bronchi
chronic bronchitis
chronic bronchitis is __ and progressive
irreversible
__ has inflammation and obstruction, repeated infection, chronic coughing, and increased number of mucous cells
chronic bronchitis
constant productive cough
sob
thick and purulent mucous secretion
cough in the morning
airway obstruction
are all __ of chronic bronchitis
s/s
__ is an autosomal recessive disorder that has a defective chloride channel and there is less na and water in the respiratory mucus
cystic fibrosis
thick mucus of __ obstructs airways and pancreatic and biliary ducts
cystic fibrosis
