chapter 30: respiratory tract infections Flashcards
in hypoxic drive, __ (CO2/O2) levels must be high in order to stimulate breathing
CO2
why can’t a person with COPD breathe with normal O2 levels?
copd pts have chronically elevated CO2 levels, and the chemoreceptors for CO2 do not respond to the high CO2 levels. therefore their stimulus for oxygen MUST be low (<95%)
fatigue, lethargy, muscle weakness, and acid-base imbalance are __ of lung disorders
s/s
fatigue and lethargy are the result of __ levels
low O2 –> low ATP production
the body compensates for low O2 levels by __ and __
tachycardia (speeding up heart rate); chronic hypoxia (developing secondary polycythemia due to low O2 in the kidneys, which stimulates the release of erythropietin)
__ the volume of inhaled air delivered to the alveoli that receives no blood flow
alveolar dead space
pulmonary embolism, hyperinflation of the alveoli, and decreased cardiac output __ alveolar dead space
increase
anatomical dead space + alveolar dead pace = __
physiologic dead space
in a healthy individual, the anatomic dead space will be __ (greater than/less than/equal to) physiologic dead space
equal to
the common cold, rhinosinusitis, and influenza are __ (lower respiratory/upper respiratory) viruses in adults
upper respiratory
people between the ages of 5 and 40 are susceptible to this virus
rhinovirus
children <3yo are susceptible to this virus
parainfluenza virus
children <3yo in the winter and spring are most susceptible to this virus
respiratory syncytial virus
this virus occurs during the winter and spring and affects any age
coronavirus and adenovirus
__ is an infection or allergy that obstructs sinus drainage (sinus infections)
rhinosinusitis
__ (acute/chronic) rhinosinusitis shows these symptoms:
facial pain
headache
purulent nasal discharge
decreased sense of smell
fever
acute
__ (acute/chronic) rhinosinusitis shows these symptoms:
nasal obstruction
fullness in ears
postnasal drip
hoarseness
chronic cough
loss of taste and smell
unpleasant breath
headache
chronic
influenza is transmitted by __
air or direct contact
__ people die/year due to influenza
36,000
__ is an upper respiratory infection
influenza
__ can be identified by having a fever, tachypnea, tachycardia, cyanosis, and hypotension
viral pneumonia
inflammation of the alveoli and bronchioles is called __
pneumonia
a viral respiratory infection can become bacterial because __
it becomes suppressed as the immune system fights it off
the two types of pneumonia are __ and __
typical; atypical
__ (typical/atypical) bacteria in the alveoli
typical
__ (typical/atypical) pathogens in interstitium
atypical
there are 3 subtypes of typical pneumonia, which are __, __, and __
lobar; broncho; pneumococcal
__ (lobar/broncho/pneumococcal) pneumonia affects an entire lobe of the lung
lobar
__ (lobar/broncho/pneumococcal) pneumonia produces a patchy distribution over more than one lobe
bronchopneumonia
__ (lobar/broncho/pneumococcal) pneumonia is the most common bacterial pneumonia
pneumococcal
atypical pneumonia can be identified by __, __, __, and __
unproductive cough; lack of consolidation; decrease in lung defenses (predisposed to bacterial infections); fever, headache, muscle aches
malaise, chills and fever, and crackle sounds are __ of systemic inflammation
signs
infection
|
inflammation
|
serous exudate (>congestion: productive cough
|
fibrous/purulent cellular exudate: red tinged sputum –> consolidation
IF WBCS OVERCOME INFECTION
|
wbcs denature hgb
|
wbcs destroy proteins and liquefy exudate: reabsorbed into circulation
|
resolution
these are steps of __
pneumococcal pneumonia
__ is the world’s foremost cause of death from a single infectious agent
tb
__ is aerobic, has a protective waxy capsule, and can stay alive in “suspended animation” for years
mycobacterium tuberculosis hominis
in an active immune system, the macrophages phagocytize the pathogens and surround them resulting in the formation of a __
ghon focus
a ghon focus is comprised of __, __, and __
macrophages; t cells; inactive and ALIVE tb bacteria
__ is the first time you are exposed to the bacteria and turns into latent tb, IF NOT IMMUNOCOMPROMISED
primary tuberculosis
__ the first time you are exposed to the tb bacteria and immediately get sick bc you are immunocompromised
primary progressive tb
__ when the tb bacteria are inactive and alive
latent tb
__ is when the person has latent tb and then becomes immunocompromised
secondary tb
the __ has nodules in lung tissue and lymph nodes. caseous necrosis found in nodules. visible on x-rays
ghon complex
tuberculin test and chest x-rays are used to diagnose __ (primary/active) infection
primary
chest x-rays and sputum cultures are used to diagnose __ (primary/active) infections
active
administering multiple drugs and 6mo-1yr (long term treatment) are __ for tb infections
treatments
after __ (2/3/4/6) months of treatment, bacteria is absent from the sputum
2
__ is seen in premature infants BEFORE producing surfactant
respiratory distress syndrome
extrathoracic airways are also called __
upper airways
__ have impaired inspiration, inspirational stridor
extrathoracic airways
__ are the lower airways that have prolonged __ like wheezing
intrathoracic airways; expiration
