Chapter 30 Flashcards
Alopecia
Hair loss or baldness. Can’t be partial or complete local or generalized loss of hair. Patchy hair loss can result from infections of the scalp. Excessive generalized hair loss may occur with infection, especially with half fever, nutritional deficiencies, hormonal disorders, childbirth, general anesthesia, drug toxicity, chemotherapy, thyroid disease, liver disease, he Paddick and renal failure, and radiation. Also occurs as part of the aging process. Alopecia related to aging is more common in men than women. There is no current cure. Rogaine helps.
pediculosis
Lice infestation spread by direct contact.
Frequent scratching and scratch marks on the hair and scalp
three common types-
pediculus Humanus capitus= infects hair and scalp
Pediculus humanis corporis= infects the body
Phthirus pubis= infects shorter hair (Pubic/axillary)
Cheilosis
Ulceration and dry scaling of the lips with fissures at the angles of the mouth. most often caused by a vitamin B complex deficiencies (especially riboflavin)
Glossitis
Information of the tongue. Can be caused by deficiencies of vitamin B 12, folic acid, and iron.
Stomatitis
Inflammation of the oral mucosa. (mucous membrane lining the inside of the mouth
(stratified squamous epithelium and underlying connective tissue termed lamina propria)
Causes: bacteria, virus, mechanical trauma, irritants, nutritional deficiencies, systemic infection.
Symptoms: Heat, pain, increased flow of saliva, and halitosis.
Other oral problems
Dry oral mucosa may be simply related to dehydration or may be caused by mouth breathing, and alteration in salivary functioning, or certain medications
-oral malignancies, appearing as lumps or ulcers may be distinguished from benign mouth problems because early detection may lead to cure.
Cerumen
Wax in the external ear canal- heavy oil and brown pigment. Older adults can have a build up of cerumen that can calls impaired hearing. This is a result of harder dryer cerumen and decreased motility of the cilia in the ear canal.
Caries
Cavities of the teeth. Decaying of teeth with the formation of cavities resulting from failure to remove plaque
Plaque
And invisible destructive bacterial film that builds up on teeth and eventually leads to distraction of tooth enamel.
periodontitis
Periodontal disease, Marked inflammation of the gums that involves degeneration of the dental periosteum (tissues) and bone.
Symptoms include bleeding gums, swollen, red, painful gum tissues, receding gum lines with the formation of pockets between the teeth and gums, pus that appears when gums are pressed, and loose teeth.
Periodontal disease – major cause of tooth loss in adults over 35
Tartar
Hard deposits formed by plaque buildup and dad bacteria on the teeth near gum line. Charter attacks the fibers that fast in the teeth to the gums and eventually attacks bone tissue. The teeth then loosen and fall out.
Halitosis
Bad breath. (Offensive)
Strong mouth odor or persistent bad taste in the mouth. May be the first indication of Periodontal disease.
Gingivitis
Inflammation of the gums, gingiva. The tissue that surrounds the teeth.
Hygiene
- hygiene practices- personal cleanliness and grooming promotes physical and psychological well-being.
- Hygiene practices include caring for the skin, hair, nails, mouth, teeth, Perineal area. The skin, or integument, is the largest organ of the body.
- respect individual patient preferences, providing only the care that patients cannot, or should not, provide for themselves.
- consider the patient’s physical, mental, and emotional state of being while providing care.
Factors affecting personal hygiene
Culture Socio economic class Spiritual practices Developmental level Health state Personal preferences
Culture
It is important to identify cultural variations that could affect a patient’s personal hygiene preferences, such as typical bathing habits, and behaviors, such as use of various hygiene related products. For example, some cultures wash once a week vs every day.
Socioeconomic class
Financial resources often define the hygiene options available for people. Limited access to showers, limited finances to buy soap. Homeless people
Spiritual practices
Religious believes may dictate ceremonial washings in purifications, sometimes as a prelude to prayer or eating. Orthodox Jews require ritual baths for women after childbirth in ministration. Contact with a deceased person or a dead animal may makeA person unclean. Amish people per Hebert having modern facilities in homes such as toilets and running water.
Developmental level
- Family practices often dictate hygiene habits.
- Children learn hygiene while growing up from their family - morning or evening baths, the frequency of washing hair, toothbrushing, and clothes changing, feelings about nudity and so on. •Adolescents become more concerned about their personal appearance and develop new hygiene chains like taking showers more frequently and wearing deodorant.
- bathing frequency commonly decreases with age Due to limitations in mobility and the natural tendency of drier skin.
Health state
Disease, surgery, or injury reduce a persons ability to perform hygiene, or motivation to follow usual hygiene habits.
•weakness, dizziness, and fear of falling may prevent a person from getting into a tub or shower or from bending down to wash their lower extremities.
•Illness may also create a demand for new or modified hygiene measures-Peripheral vascular complications that company diabetes mellitus require meticulous footcare
Personal preferences
- people have different preferences with regard to hygiene practices such as taking a shower or taking a bath, using a bar of soap versus liquid soap and washing to wake up yourself or to relax before sleep.
- A person self-concept and sexuality also influence personal hygiene practices.
- Older adults may use skin care products to prevent wrinkles to diminish the sign of aging.
- Women who are sexually active use hygiene products following intercourse to promote Cleanliness
Factors to consider when examining the skin.
Cleanliness Color Temperature Texture Tugor (Pinch skin on back of hand for a couple of seconds, if it doesn't return to its original state-sign of dehydration Moisture Sensation Vascularity Evidence of lesions-pre-cancerous moles are fatal and early detection is important
Skin integument
Integument system or skin is the largest organ of the body.
• consists of skin, subcutaneous layer directly under skin, and appendages of skin, (hair nails)
guidelines for assessing the skin….
• describe what is observed/palpated
- note appearance, texture, size, location, distribution, and characteristics of findings.
•systematically in ahead to toe sequence
•Use a good source of light, preferably daylight
•Compare bilateral parts for symmetry
•Use standard terminology to report and record findings
• data obtained from nursing history is used to direct skin assessment
•Identify variables known to cause skin problems
-Immobility, malnutrition, decreased hydration, decreased sensation, sun exposure, vascular problems- altered tissue perfusion/venous return.
- Presence of irritants - secretions/excretions of skin
Dry skin, acne, rash
•Petichiae- Brown or purple spots due to bleeding under the skin
•Exorication- picking disorder
Macular rash-flat red area on skin with small confluence bumps
Interview questions/skill alterations for skin
History of skin/mucus membrane problems- nature, onset, frequency, causes, severity, symptoms, interventions excepted, results.
•Describe any skin problems with rashes, lumps itching, dryness, lesions, eccymosis(discoloration of skin from bleeding underneath, caused by bruising) or masses.
- How long have you had this problem?
- Does it bother you?
- How does it bother you? (Itching)
- What have you done to relieve the symptoms?
Daily and weekly bathing habits
Tell me about your daily and weekly bathing habits. Are there any special bathing or hygiene products you use or can’t use? How can the nurses best help you to meet your hygiene needs?
Factors interfering with hygiene practices.
Sensory, cognitive, endurance, mobility, or motivation
What recently or in the past has interfered with your hygiene practices? Does anything interfere with your ability to be as clean as you would like?
