Chapter 30 Flashcards
What is a Protosome?
Embryo developing from the mouth to the anus.
What is a deuterostome?
Embryo developing from the anus to the mouth.
What is a phyla?
A taxonomic category above the class level but below the kingdom level.
What is a body plan?
The basic architecture of an animals body.
What is benithic?
Living at the bottom of an aquatic environment.
What are choanocytes?
A specialized flagellated feeding cell found in sponges.
What is Sessile?
Permanently attached to a substrate, not capable of moving to another location?
What are colonies?
An assemblage of individuals.
What is epithelial tissue?
Tissue of an animal consisting of sheet like layers of tightly packed cells that line an organ, gland, body surface.
What are diploblasts?
An animal whose body develops from two basic embryonic cell layers or tissues- ectoderm and endoderm
What are triploblasts?
An animal whose body develops from three basic embryonic cell layer or tissues. Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
What is ectoderm?
The outermost tissue that gives rise to the outer covering and nervous system.
What is endoderm?
The inner most layer that gives rise to the digestive tract and organs that connect to it.
What is mesoderm?
The middle of the three layers that give rise to muscles, bones, blood, and some internal organs.
What is the mesoglea?
A gelatinous material, containing scattered ectodermal cells, that is located between the ectoderm and endoderm of cnidarians.
What is a cnidarian?
An aquatic invertebrate animal of the phylum cnidaria.
What is radial symmetry?
An animal body pattern that has at least two planes of symmetry.
What is briradial symmetry?
Animal body pattern that has two plane of symmetry.
What is bilateral symmetry?
An animal body pattern in which one plane of symmetry divides the body into a left side and a right side.
What are bilaterians?
A member of a major lineage of animals that are bilaterally symmetrical at some point in their life cycle, have three embryonic germ layers, and have a coelom. All protostomes and deuterosomes are bilaterians.
What is a nerve net?
A nervous system in which neurons diffuse instead of being clustered into large ganglia or tracts.
What are ganglia?
A mass of neurons in a CNS system.
What is cephalization?
The formation in animals of a distinct anterior region where sense organs and a mouth are clustered.
What is the coelom?
An internal, usually fluid-filled body cavity that is completely or partially lined with mesoderm.
What are coelomates?
An animal that has a true coelom, completely lined with mesoderm.
What is a Acoelomate?
A bilaterian that has no internal body cavity.
What is a pseudocoelomate?
An animal that has a partial coelom with partial mesoderm
What are lophotrochozoans?
A major lineage of protostomes that grow by extending their skeletons rather than by molting.
What are ecdysozoans?
A major lineage of protostomes that grow by shedding their external skeletons.
What is segmentation?
Division of the body or part of it into a series of similar structures.
What are vertebras?
Animal with a dorsal column of cartilaginous or bony structures and a skull enclosing the brain.
What are invertebrates?
Animals with no backbone.
What is the linnaean classification?
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genes, species
What is a synapomorphies?
Shared derived characteristic
What are the 3 domains of life?
Bacteria, archaea, eukarya
What are advantages of multicellularity?
Obtain resources more efficently, keep from being eaten
What are disadvantages of multicellularity?
larger size means more resources, specialized cells required
What is gastrulation?
movement of cells during embryogenesis, allows development of complex body plans.
Who were the ancestors of animals?
chanoflagellates
What does it mean to be colonial?
each cell does everything
What are the 7 animal characteristics?
Eukaryotic, multicellular, plasma membrane, heterotrophic, glycogen storage, collagen, gastrulation
Which of the 7 animal characteristics are synapomorphies?
multicellular and gastrulation
What is regeneration?
When animals can grow back something they have lost.
What is budding?
A form of asexual reproduction when the child grows out of an adult
What is parthenogenesis?
No fertilization
What are the two types of sexual reproduction?
Monecious, dioecious
What does it mean to be monecious?
both sex organs in one individual.
What does it mean to be dioecious?
Separate sexes using external or internal fertilization
What are the two types of fertilization?
Internal and external
What are the 4 types of animal tissue?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
What is epithelial tissue?
Sheets of cells that create a barrier and secretions
What are the characteristics of connective tissue?
Cells, ECM, fibers hold things together
What is loose connective tissue?
Packing material, padding, ex. fat
What is dense connective tissue?
Tendons, ligaments
What is supporting connective tissue?
Bone and cartilage
What is fluid connective tissue?
Blood
What is muscle tissue?
Most abundnat tissue, cells contract, contains proteins myosin and actin, contains skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
What is an example of skeletal muscle?
Bicep muscle
What is an example of cardiac muscle?
The heart
What is an example of smooth muscle?
The stomach
What is nervous tissue?
neurons and associated cells
What is the level of organization?
atoms and molecules, cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, organisms
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining constant conditions.
Why is a negative feedback loop called a negative feedback?
Stimulus and response are in opposite directions
What is an endotherm?
generate heat metabolically.
What is an ectotherm?
generate body conditions from there environment
What are heterotherms?
Exhibit both endo- and ecto- and switch between both.
What are the characteristics of proferia (sponges)?
Asymmetrical, no tissue, no segmentation, no body cavity
What are the characteristics of Cnidarians?
Radial symmetry, diploblastic, no segmentation,
What are the characteristics of plathyhelminthes?
Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, no segmentation, acelommate, protostome, not jointed
What are the characteristics of annelida?
Bilateral symmetric, segmented, triploblastic, true coelomates, not jointed, protostomes
what are the characteristics of mollusca?
bilateral symmetry, not segmented, triploblastic, true celomates, not jointed, protostomes
What are the characteristics of nematodas?
bilateral symmetry, no segmentation, triploblastic, psuedocelomate, not jointed, protostome
What are the characteristics of arthropods?
bilateral symmetry, segmented, triploblastic, true coelomates, protostome, jointed
What are the characteristics of echinodermata?
bilateral and radial symmetric, not segmented, triploblastic, true coelomates, not jointed, deuterostomes.
What are the characteristics of chordata?
bilateral symmetry, segmented, triploblastic, true coelomates, jointed, deuterostomes
Why do larger animals have a lower metabolic rate?
Not enough surface are to maintain high rates.
What does the minimal metabolic rate do?
Supports basic life functions.
What are the building blocks of the body?
Amino acids, simple sugars, fatty acids, and essential nutrients that can’t be synthesized
How many essential amino acids are there that the body cannot synthesize?
9
Why do you need vitamins?
Because the body can’t synthesize them and can be coenzymes
What are the 3 important electrolytes?
K,Cl, Na
What is an intracellular digestive system?
no digestive system
What is the feeding adaptation with intracellular and extracellular?
gastrovascular cavities
What is an alimentary canal?
Tube with mouth and anus
What happens in the oral cavity?
Physical and chemical breakdown, lubrication, amylase, lipase with tongue, and creates a bolus
What is peristalsis?
wave of involuntary muscle contractions that moves food
What is the stomach lined with?
mucus made of smooth muscle
What does the stomach produce?
pepsin to break down protein
Where does pepsin come from?
Schwann, chief cells such as pepsinogen activated by HCl
What is passive transport?
Moving along a concentration gradient from high to low
What is primary active transport?
Requires ATP against gradient, low to high,
What is secondary active transport?
use of contransporters from a electrochemical gradient
What do goblet cells do?
Secrete mucus to prevent damage to the stomach.
Review process to pepsin.
Reviewed
How is the acid in the stomach neutralized?
HCNO3 from pancreas.
What does the small intestine do?
Absorption of nutrients with a large surface area and digests major molecules.
Where does protein digestion occur?
Stomach with HCl and pepsin and SI with pancreatic proteases
What are the accessory organs in digestion?
Stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
What are digestive secretions controlled by?
Nerve impulses, and hormones that stimulate the pancreas to release HCO3
How are lipids digested?
Chylomicrons which is a protein escort in absorptive cells and absorbed in lacteals.
How are carbs digested?
Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase which breaks it into monosaccharides and those are then absorbed.
How is glucose absorbed?
glucose diffuses into capillary and water follows by osmosis.
What is the function of the large intestine?
Water re-absorption, salt excretion, feces
What is type 1 diabetes?
Body can’t produce insulin
What is type 2 diabetes?
Body produces insulin but insulin receptors are not working
What are osmoconformers?
Isomostic with environment, most marine invertebrates
What are osmoregulates?
Adjust internal osmolarity, most marine vertabraes, fresh water, and terrestrial animals
What are the challenges of freshwater fish?
gain water by osmosis, lose electrolytes by diffusion
What are the solutions for fresh water fish?
Don’t drink water, lots of urine, add electrolytes by diet and active transport
What are challenges of ocean fish?
lose water by osmosis, gain electrolytes by diffusion, drink water
What is special about anadromous fish?
the cotransporter flips sides when fish move from salt to fresh water.
What is the challenge for land animals in osmoregulation?
lose water by evaporation and urination, lose electrolytes in urine
What are the solutions for land animals in osmoregulation?
Drink water, regulate urine production, add electrolytes through diet.
Where do nitrogeneous wastes come from?
Excess amino acids, nucleic acids
What is the problem with NH3?
It’s toxic and needs lots of water to make less toxic
What are alternatives to make NH3 less toxic?
urea, uric acid which is least toxic
What is the common mechanism in animals for osmoregulation?
Filtration, absorption, secretion
How do insects minimize water loss?
Waxy cuticle and spiracles
What is the basic unit of the kidney?
The nephron
Where does filtration take place in the kidney?
The glomerulus
Where does reabsorption take place in the kidney?
The proximal tube, loop of henle (used to build concentration gradient to pull water out)
