Chapter 3: War & revolution Flashcards
How did Nicholas I try to distract from domestic problems through starting the Crimean War?
He wanted to preserve Russian status as a great power by standing up to Britain & France
Wanted to restore faith in Autocracy
What were the expansionist reasons for the Crimean War?
They wanted to gain access to the mediterranean port
To what extent was the Crimean War due to Slavophile influence?
It was an attempt to resolve the Eastern question - Russia was to fill the power vacuum left by the Ottomans
What was the Ideological cause of the Crimean War?
France & Russia squabbled over Orthodox & Catholic rights in the Holy Lands
What Domestic problems were occurring when the Russo-Turkish war broke out?
Pan-slavists were losing support for the Autocracy
What were the expansionist reasons for the Crimean war?
Wanted to gain access to the mediterranean port
Set up Bulgaria as a client state at the Treaty of San Stefano
To what extent was the Russo-Turkish war due to Slavophile influence?
There was a rise in pan-slavism, Russia should stand up to slavic nations in the Balkans
What were the ideological causes of the Russo-Turkish war?
Rising Russian Nationalism
How did Nicholas II try to distract from domestic problems with the Russo-Japanese War?
He wanted a quick win over the Japanese to gain more support for the Autocracy
What was the expansionist reason for the Russo-Japanese war?
Russia wanted to retain its far east influence. Japan wanted them to withdraw from Manchuria in return for Russian influence over China, but Russian refused.
How did Nicholas II try to distract from domestic issues by going to war in 1914?
He thought WW1 would retain Russia’s status as a great power and it would galvanise support for the autocracy.
What were the expansionist reasons for going to war with germany in 1914?
The Eastern Question was still a factor
To what extent was Russian involvement in WW1 due to Slavophile influence?
Pan-slavism pressured Russia to back Serbia vs Austria-Hungary after Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed
What was the main cause of the Russian Civil war?
Idoeological - Bolshevik Reds fighting for Communism, Whites fighting against Bolshevik rule
What were the expansionist reasons for the Russian Civil War?
Lenin could retake areas lost in Brest-Litovsk; Poland, FInland, Ukraine etc
Was WW2 started to distract from domestic issues?
No - Stalin was trying to avoid war with Hitler
What was the expansionist reason for WW2?
Russia & Germany both invaded Poland - signed non-agression pact in 1939 to divide Poland
What were the Ideological reasons for WW2?
Communism vs. Hitler’s Fascism
In 1937, Italy Germany & Japan signed an anti-comintern pact
Was the Cold War caused to distract from domestic issues?
No, Khrushchev was actually destabilised & arguably removed because of the Cold War (cuba)
What was the expansionist ideology behind the Cold War?
Expansionism vs. Containment - USSR sought a buffer zone in E. Europe - USA had the Truman Doctrine
What were the Ideological reasons for the Cold War?
Liberal Democracy & Free Trade Capitalism vs. Command Economy & Marxist-Leninism
When was the Crimean War?
1853-56
When was the Russo-Turkish War?
1877-8
When was the Russo-Japanese War?
1904-05
When was WW1?
1914-18
When was the Russian Civil War?
1917-21
When was WW2?
1939-45 (Russian involvement from 1941)
When was the Cold War?
1945-64
What were the Political effects of the Crimean War?
Autocracy undermined by failure
War caused Emancipation Edict & reorganisation of the army
What was the Political Impact of the Russo-Turkish war?
Russia was Humiliated after the Congress of Berlin revised the Russian gains in San Stefano
Arguably a factor leading to Alex II’s assassination
What was the economic impact of the Crimean war?
Treaty of Paris: Russia removed from Black Sea coastline
Led to huge industrial push under Milyutin
What was the social impact of the Crimean War?
750,000 Russians dead compared to 25,000 British
Slavophiles question Russian ability to support slavs
Russia conceded the right to protect European Christians
What was the Economic impact of the Russo-Turkish war?
Prompted bigger drive for industrialisation
What was the social impact of the Russo-Turkish war?
Slavophile & nationalist unrest worsened
What was the political impact of the Russo-Japanese war?
Contributed towards the 1905 Revolution, people lost faith in the Tsar
What was the economic impact of the Russo-Japanese war?
Treaty of Portsmouth lost Russia Port Arthur and military/economic prescence in the Pacific.
Prompted further rail expansion & to finish the Trans-Siberian railway
What was the social impact of the Russo-Japanese war?
Living standards decreased as a result of the industrialisation caused by the war
What was the political impact of WW1?
Caused the overthrow of the Tsar & subsequently the overthrow of the Provisional Government
Bread rationing, inflation, military losses, etc caused people to lose faith
What was the economic impact of WW1?
Massive financial burden - cost of war was 3 billion roubles. This led to inflation, as they printed more money.
(Prices x4, wages only x2)
What was the social impact of WW1?
Shells crisis of 1915 forced longer hours & caused social unrest
Food piled up rotting in railway stations due to transport issues
Huge loss of life - estimated 2 million soldiers died
What was the social impact of the Civil War?
The Red Terror was used to keep the people in check.
What was the economic impact of the Civil War?
War Communism saw an economic collapse
Caused a famine that killed 5m
Kronstadt Rebellion over War Communism
What was the political impact of the Civil War?
Solidified Soviet control of Russia
What was the political impact of WW2?
Stalin’s power was enhanced - personal popularity went up
Stalin took new role of Chairman of State Defence Committee
Membership of the C’ist Party went from 3.76m to 5.8m
What was the economic impact of WW2?
Huge physical damage caused by ‘Scorched Earth’ policy
Factories relocated beyond Urals
Led to 4th Five-Year Plan
What were the social impacts of WW2?
27m Russians dead
Stalin undertook mass deportations to keep population under control
NKVD terror increased during the war
What was the political impact of the Cold War?
De-stalinisation represented a big shift in ideology
East-West tension became a central part of ideology
What was the economic impact of the Cold War?
Cost of arms race was huge
5th FYP focused on agriculture
What was the social impact of the Cold War?
Focus on the arms race & heavy industry led to continued neglect of Consumer goods
Huge levels of propaganda in use
When was the Treaty of Paris?
March 1856
What was the Treaty of Paris?
The agreement signed to end the Crimean War
What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris?
Russia gave up the right to protect Orthodox catholics in Europe
Russia had to hand over part of Bessarabia
Russia gave up its claim to act as protector of the Principalities
Russia was prohibited from having a fleet in the Black Sea.
What was the SBC?
Slavonic Benevolent Comittee - led by M.P. Pogodin
What was the effect of the SBC?
Applied pressure to government to help Slavic peoples
What was the Treaty of San Stefano?
An agreement signed to end the Russo-Turkish War
When was the Treaty of San Stefano?
March 1878
What were the terms of the Treaty of San Stefano?
Russia regained South Bessarabia
Russia made territorial gains in the Caucasus
Turkey had to pay a war indemnity
Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia gained independence
Why was the Treaty of San Stefano scrapped?
Austria-Hungary & Britain felt the treaty gave the Russians too much power.
What was decided at the Congress of Berlin?
Russia kept its territory gains
Austria-Hungary governed Bosnia & Herzegovenia
Britain took over administration of Cyprus
Bulgaria became smaller
When was the Congress of Berlin?
1878
What happened with Port Arthur?
Russians negotiated a 25-year lease from China & turned it into a naval base
What was the Treaty of Portsmouth?
The treaty that ended the Russo-Japanese War
When was the Treaty of Portsmouth?
August 1905
What were the terms of the Treaty of Portsmouth?
Russia had to leave Port Arthur and South Manchuria
Russian leaders had to acknowledge Japanese sovereignty over Korea
What was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
The treaty that ended Russian involvement in WW1
When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
March 1918
What were the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
Russia lost land in Estonia, Latvia, Ukraine, Finland, Lithuania, and most of Belarus
What was the Scorched Earth policy?
The policy of burning land when you retreat - used by Stalin during the Nazi invasion of Russia
What were the two main Russian military defeats in ww1?
Tannenburg & Masuria
