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History: Russia > Chapter 1: Structure Of Government > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Structure Of Government Flashcards

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1
Q

What gave the Tsars the right to rule?

A

God - Divine Right to Rule

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2
Q

What were the three keywords of the Tsars?

A

Autocracy, Orthodoxy, and Nationality.

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3
Q

What concessions did Alexander II make to Autocracy?

A

Glasnost, Emancipation Edict

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4
Q

What was the effect of the Fundamental Laws 1906?

A

Reinstated the Autocracy of government - Nicholas was still in charge

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5
Q

Which Tsar was the hardest on Autocracy?

A

Alexander III

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6
Q

What document set out Marxism-Leninism?

A

What to do? - Published 1902

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7
Q

What was Lenin’s interpretation of the dictatorship of the proletariat?

A

A central committee would govern until the workers were ready to take control themselves.

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8
Q

In what way was Lenin’s Ideological stance similar to the Tsars?

A

He moderated to stave off opposition, but never veered too far from his central ideology

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9
Q

What was Stalin’s ideology?

A

Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism (Totalitarianism)

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10
Q

How did Stalin cement his leadership of the people of the USSR?

A

Rule of fear & widespread terror

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11
Q

When did Lenin Die?

A

1924

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12
Q

When did Stalin Die?

A

1953

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13
Q

When did Alexander II die?

A

1881

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14
Q

When did Alexander III die?

A

1894

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15
Q

Who were the four combatants in the power struggle after Stalin died?

A

Khrushchev
Beria
Malenkov
Vorishilov

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16
Q

What set out Khrushchev’s plan for Destalinisation in 1956?

A

Secret Speech

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17
Q

WHo formed the anti-party group to combat Khrushchev?

A

Malenkov, Kagonovich, Molotov

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18
Q

How was the cult of personality eroded?

A

Stalingrad renamed to Volgograd
Statues removed
Stalin’s body buried in concrete below the Kremlin

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19
Q

How did the Structure of government change under the Tsars?

A

It mostly didn’t
(exception in 1861)

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20
Q

What was the Personal Chancellery of His Imperial Majesty?

A

A body of three sections:
Personal secretariat to the Tsar
Legal advisers
The Third Section

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21
Q

What government body was set up in 1861?

A

Committee of Ministers

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22
Q

What was the Committee of Ministers?

A

A body of ministers who administrated for specific aspects of the governmnet, e.g. minister for war, finance, etc.

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23
Q

What was the Imperial Council of State?

A

A body that gave the Tsar legal & financial advice

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24
Q

What was the Senate?

A

Acted as the Supreme Court in Russia

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25
Q

What was the Council of Ministers?

A

A body chaired by the Tsar, and consisted of officials that would discuss draft legislation.
Alexander III disbanded it in 1882.

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26
Q

What political changes were made by the October Manifesto?

A

The Senate was unchanged
Council of Ministers became the law-making body
Imperial Council of State became the State Council to act as a check on the Duma
The Duma was set up as an elected lower chamber

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27
Q

When were the fundamnetal Laws passed?

A

1906

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28
Q

When was the October Manifesto passed?

A

October 1905

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29
Q

How long did the First Duma last?

A

It was open April to July 1906.

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30
Q

Why was the first Duma shut down?

A

Disagreed with the government over land redistribution

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31
Q

What was the new way of dealing with dissidents that was used between the meetings of the first and second duma?

A

Court-martials for civilian rioters (Stolypin’s necktie)

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32
Q

What was the Vybourg Manifesto?

A

A document that encouraged FInns not to pay taxes or serve in the army until the Duma had been restored.

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33
Q

What was the makeup of the 2nd Duma compared to the 1st?

A

Less Kadets/Labourists
More SDs/SRs/Octobrists

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34
Q

Why was the 2nd Duma shut?

A

An SD member of the Duma was framed for attempting to arrange an army.

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35
Q

How long did the 2nd Duma last?

A

February to June 1907

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36
Q

Why was the makeup of the Third Duma different?

A

There had been electoral reform, so the makeup was mostly loyal to the crown.

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37
Q

How long did the 3rd Duma last?

A

Nov 1907 - June 1912
(full term)

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38
Q

What policies were agreed in the 3rd Duma?

A

Judicial reform
Army & navy reform
Brought back Justices of the Peace
Land Captains abolished

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39
Q

What happened to the Duma in 1915?

A

The Progressive Bloc called for a National government, so Nicholas shut it down.

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40
Q

How many workers striked in St. Petersburg in January 1917?

A

Around 150,000 on the 9th January 1917

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41
Q

When was the strike at the Putilov Steel works?`

A

February 1917

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42
Q

What happened on 25th February 1917?

A

A general strike, with workers being fired upon by troops.

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43
Q

How many of the Petrograd garrison joined the strikers in 1917?

A

Around half the troops

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44
Q

When was Soviet Order No.1 passed?

A

March 1 1917

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45
Q

When did Nicholas II decide to abdicate?

A

March 2 1917

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46
Q

What slogan was used by the Bolsheviks to gain support?

A

Peace, Bread, Land

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47
Q

What event strengthened the Bolsheviks?

A

The Kornilov Affair

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48
Q

What were the 2 leading Bolshevik newspapers that were used by the Communists in government?

A

Pravda & Izvestiya

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49
Q

When did the Bolsheviks seize complete control of Moscow?

A

November 2nd 1917

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50
Q

What happened in the Constituency Assembly elections Nov 1917?

A

Bolsheviks lost to the SRs

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51
Q

What was Lenin’s response to losing the constituency assembly elections?

A

Shut down the assembly & set up the RSFSR.

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52
Q

What was the Decree on Land?

A

Sanctioned the requisite of private land by peasants, but stated the divisions and redistributions could only be done by local soviets.

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53
Q

What was the Decree on Peace?

A

An armistice with Germany

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54
Q

What was the All-Russian Congress of Soviets?

A

A meeting of delegates from soviets throughout Russia where they discussed policy to be adopted by the soviets.

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55
Q

When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed?

A

1918

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56
Q

Why did the Germans withdraw from Russia in 1918?

A

The Western Front collapsed

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57
Q

What was the central executive commitee?

A

Made up of 3 sections:
- Politburo: formulated policy
- Ogburo: dealt with opposition
- Orgburo: organised party affairs

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58
Q

What was the Cheka?

A

A secret police set up by Lenin to combat opposition

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59
Q

Who led the Cheka?

A

Dzerzhinski

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60
Q

What was the system the bolsheviks wanted to create called?

A

Democratic Centralism

61
Q

How many party members in 1921 and 1928?

A

1921 - 730,000
1928 - around 1 million

62
Q

When was the USSR formally set up?

A

1924

63
Q

Whet was Stalin’s constitution?

A

1936

64
Q

What countries joined the USSR 1939-1940?

A

Lithunia, Latvia, Moldova, Estonia

65
Q

What bodies made up the Supreme Soviet?

A

Soviet of the Union - represented all regions of the USSR
Soviet of Nationalities - represented nationality groups

66
Q

What was the structure of local government before 1861?

A

Mostly under jurisdiction of landowners & the mir.

67
Q

What was the Mir?

A

Local bodies of elders responsibly for keeping order in rural areas

68
Q

When were the Zemstva introduced?

A

1864

69
Q

When were the Dumas introduced? (not the parliament one)

A

1870

70
Q

What was ‘The Third Element’?

A

A group of lawyers, teachers, and doctors that wanted central government to resemble the Zemtsva.

71
Q

What were the Zemstva?

A

Local elected councils for rural areas

72
Q

What were the non-parliamentary dumas?

A

Zemstva for urban areas

73
Q

What was local government like under the Communists?

A

Dominated by the Soviets

74
Q

What were the 1864 legal reforms?

A

Jury system introduced
Heirarchy of courts for different cases
Judges got better pay

75
Q

What did Alexander III do to the police in 1881?

A

Centralised them

76
Q

What was the Communists’ approach to Law & order?

A

Revolutionary justice

77
Q

What was the Okhrana?

A

Secret police of the Tsars

78
Q

When was the Okhrana set up?

A

1880 - replaced the Third Section

79
Q

When did Okhrana Activity peak?

A

1905

80
Q

What was Lenin’s secret police called?

A

the Cheka

81
Q

What were the main policies that the Cheka had to enforce?

A

War Communism
The Red Terror

82
Q

When was the Cheka set up?

A

Dec. 1917

83
Q

What replaced the Cheka after the CIvil War?

A

The OGPU

84
Q

What were Stalin’s new secret police in 1934 called?

A

The NKVD

85
Q

When was the NKVD set up?

A

1934

86
Q

Who led the NKVD?

A

Yagoda & then Yezhov

87
Q

Who replaced Yezhov as leader of the NKVD?

A

Beria - Yezhov was accused of an anti-purge campaign & executed 1938.

88
Q

How many members had the NKVD purged by the start of WW2?

A

20,000

89
Q

What replaced the NKVD in 1943?

A

The NKGB

90
Q

What replaced the KGB in 1946?

A

The MGB and the MVD

91
Q

What organisation was formed from the MVD and the MGB in 1953?

A

The new MVD

92
Q

What was the MVD split up into in 1954?

A

The KGB and the MVD (again)

93
Q

What was the role of the KGB?

A

External security - specifically Cold War

94
Q

What was the role of the MVD? (the 1954 one)

A

Internal security within the Union

95
Q

How many political prisoners were there by 1960?

A

Only 11,000

96
Q

How many soldiers were there in 1855?

A

1.4 million

97
Q

What was the army mainly used for 1905-17?

A

Dismantling protests & riots

98
Q

How many members of the Petrograd Garrison are estimated to have joined the February Revolution?

A

150,000

99
Q

What was the importance of the Red Army?

A

Fighting in the Civil War & enforcing War Communism

100
Q

What was the Kronstadt Rebellion?

A

an insurgency of sailors and civilians against the government in 1921.

101
Q

What was the outcome of the Kronstadt Rebellion?

A

10,000 Red Army troops died.
All the rebels were exiled or shot.

102
Q

What did Stalin use the army for?

A

Purges & the Red Terror

103
Q

How much of the top military echelon did Stalin purge in the years 1936-38?

A

40%

104
Q

What did Khrushchev reduce army numbers to?

A

3.6 million to 2.4 million

105
Q

What was Alexander II’s policy on cencorship?

A

Glasnost - openness

106
Q

What was the growth of book numbers 1855-1894?

A

1855 - 1020 books published
1894 - 10,691 published

107
Q

What was Alexander III’s view on censorship?

A

Cracked down on freedom of publication

108
Q

What was Nicholas II’s policy on censorship?

A

More like Alexander II - Glasnost

109
Q

How did the number of newspapers change from 1900-14?

A

Increased threefold

110
Q

What did the Bolsheviks do to press freedom?

A

Removed it entirely

111
Q

What did Stalin want to present in soviet writings?

A

The New Soviet Man

112
Q

How many libraries were there in 1959?

A

135,000 libraries with 8000m books - tenfold increase from 1913

113
Q

What was Khrushchev’s policy on Censorship?

A

He relaxed censorship

114
Q

What was a technique used by both Lenin & Stalin to promote themselves are heroes?

A

Cult of Personality

115
Q

What were some examples of the cult of personality?

A

Petrograd renamed Leningrad
Traritsyn renamed Stalingrad
Lenin’s body displayed in a mausoleum

116
Q

What was the name of the youth organisation set up by the communists?

A

Komsomol

117
Q

How many cinemas were there by 1917?

A

1,000+

118
Q

How many films were made in 1959?

A

145, nearly 59,000 cinemas

119
Q

What did Stalin use cinema for?

A

Promoting the 5-Year Plans

120
Q

What was Alexander II’s attitude towards reform?

A

Reform from above rather than reform from below

121
Q

What reform did Nicholas II undertake?

A

October Manifesto

122
Q

When were political parties legal?

A

1905-1921

123
Q

What were the Narodniks?

A

Left wing Intellectuals who were free to criticise Tsarist rule after Alex II’s policy of glasnost

124
Q

Who led the Narodniks?

A

Nikolai Chernyevsky & Pyotr Lavrov

125
Q

What was the People’s Will?

A

A terrorist group hell-bent on ending tsarist rule

126
Q

What did the People’s Will do?

A

Made 4 attempts on Alex II’s life - succeeded in 1881

127
Q

Who were the SRs?

A

Emerged from the Narodniks - generally left-wing

128
Q

How many political killings were the extremist SRs responsible for 1901-5?

A

2,000

129
Q

Who was killed by the SRs in 1900-05?

A

Grand Duke Sergei & Vyachesla Plehve

130
Q

Who were the SDs?

A

A party that split into the Bolsheviks & Mensheviks.

131
Q

What were the results of the 1917 Assembly elections?

A

SRs - 370 seats
Bolsheviks - 175 seats

132
Q

What did Lenin publish after the Civil War?

A

‘On Party Unity’ - made all other parties illegal

133
Q

Which Bolsheviks called for an alliance with the SDs?

A

Kamenev, Zinoviev, and Rykov

134
Q

What was the issue within the party surrounding the NEP?

A

It was seen as a betrayal of hardline ideology

135
Q

What was the Triumvarate?

A

An alliance of Stalin, Zinoviev, and Kamenev that aimed to curb Trostky’s influence after Lenin died.

136
Q

What happened to Trotsky?

A

Expelled from the party 1927
Exiled from the USSR 1929
Killed in Mexico 1940

137
Q

What happened during the party purges of the 1930s?

A

Party members who failed to implement collectivisation or who disagreed with the idea of liquidating the kulaks as a class were removed from the party.
A further third of the party was then removed for resisting industrialisation.

138
Q

Who were some prominent party members executed in the great purges?

A

Bukharin, Kossior, Kirov, Kuibyshev, Rudzuki, Ordhonizke

139
Q

What was the peasant opposition in the 1900s over?

A

Redemption payments

140
Q

What were the results of the Black Earth revolts 1906-07?

A

Stolypin’s land reforms

141
Q

What did the peasants do during the Civil War?

A

Formed militias on both sides

142
Q

Who led a prominent peasant militia in the Russian Civil War?

A

Vasily Chapayev

143
Q

What did peasants do to rebel against Stalin’s collectivisation?

A

Killed livestock such as cattle

144
Q

What were the main ways in which workers opposed the government?

A

Strikes

145
Q

What was the large strike in 1912?

A

Lena Goldfields - miners striked and were killed

146
Q

What was another strike in 1917?

A

Putilov Steel works

147
Q

Why were workers docile in the 1920s and 1930s?

A

They generally accepted the 5-year plans

148
Q

What happened at Novocherhassk in 1962?

A

Workers protested over food shortages.
20 workers were killed and ringleaders were later executed.

149
Q

What can be considered proof that worker opposition was effective?

A

Average working day in 1897 was 11.5 hours
Average working day in the 1960s was 7 hours.

History: Russia (4 decks)

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