Chapter 3 vocab

Question 1

Permeability

Answer 1

Determines what moves in and out of a cell, and a membrane that restricts movement is selectively permeable

Question 2

Permeability restricts materials based off

Answer 2

• size
• electrical charge
• molecular shape
• lipid solubility

Question 3

Passive processes

Answer 3

no energy required

Question 4

active processes

Answer 4

requiring energy

Question 5

types of transport processes

Answer 5

• diffusion and osmosis (passive)
• carrier-mediated transport (passive or active)
• vesicular transport (active)

Question 6

Diffusion

Answer 6

Net movement of a substance from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration

Question 7

Concentration gradient

Answer 7

Difference between high and low concentrations of a substance

Question 8

Factors influencing diffusion

Answer 8

• Distance the particle has to move
• Ion and molecule size (smaller=faster)
• Temp (hotter=faster)
• conc. gradient (steeper grad.=faster diff)
• Electrical forces (opp attract, likes repel)

Question 9

Simple diffusion

Answer 9

• lipid soluble compounds
• Dissolved gases
• water molecules

Question 10

Channel mediated diffusion

Answer 10

• water-soluble compounds and ions

- affected by size, charge, and interaction with cell walls

Question 11

Osmosis

Answer 11

• diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

- water molecules diffuse across a membrane toward the solution with more solutes

Question 12

osmotic pressure

Answer 12

The force with which pure water moves into a solution as a result of solute conc.

Question 13

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 13

pressure needed to block osmosis

Question 14

Aquaporins

Answer 14

Abundant water channels that water can use to cross through a membrane

Question 15

osmopolarity (osmotic conc)

Answer 15

Total solute conc in a solution

Question 16

Tonicity

Answer 16

How a solution affects cells

Question 17

Isotonic solution

Answer 17

Does not cause osmotic flow

Question 18

Hypotonic solution

Answer 18

Lower solute conc than the cell

Question 19

Hypertonic solution

Answer 19

Higher solute conc than the cell

Question 20

Hemolysis

Answer 20

Rupture of a cell in a hypotonic solution. Gains water

Question 21

Crenation

Answer 21

Loss of water and shrinkage of a cell in a hypertonic solution

Question 22

Carrier-mediated transport

Answer 22

Proteins transport ions or organic substrates across plasma membrane

Question 23

Aspects of carrier-mediated transport

Answer 23

• specificity
• saturation limits
• regulation

Question 24

Symport (cotransport)

Answer 24

Two substances move in the same direction at the same time (carrier-mediated)

Question 25

Antiport (countertransport)

Answer 25

One substance moves in while another moves out

Question 26

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 26

Carrier proteins transport molecules too large to fit through channel proteins. Passive

Question 27

Receptor site

Answer 27

Where the molecule binds on a carrier protein

Question 28

Active transport

Answer 28

Move substrates against conc. gradients

Question 29

Ion pumps

Answer 29

Move ions (Na,K,Ca,Mg). Active

Question 30

Exchange pumps

Answer 30

Move two ions in opposite directions at the same time

Question 31

Primary active transport

Answer 31

Pumping solutes against a conc. gradient using ATP

Question 32

Sodium-potassium exchange pump

Answer 32

One ATP powers the movement of 3 sodium ions (Na) out, and 2 potassium ions (K) in

Question 33

Secondary active transport

Answer 33

ATP required to establish a conc. gradient of one substance in order to passively transport another. (ex. Na conc. gradient drives glucose transport into cells)

Question 34

Vasicular transport (bulk transport)

Answer 34

Materials move into or out of a cell in vesicles

Question 35

Endocytosis

Answer 35

The importation of extracellular materials packaged within vesicles, which requires ATP

Question 36

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Answer 36

Receptors (glycoproteins) bind target molecules (ligands)

Question 37

Clathrin-coated pits

Answer 37

Where receptors and their ligands migrate to in plasma membrane to enter cell in Receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Question 38

Caveolae

Answer 38

Small indentations with which some receptors are associated with in receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 39

Pinocytosis

Answer 39

Endosomes "drink" extracellular fluid

Question 40

Phagocytosis

Answer 40

Large objects engulfed in phagosomes

Question 41

Pseudopodia

Answer 41

Cytoplasmis extensions used in phagocytosis

Question 42

Exocytosis

Answer 42

Granules or droplets are released from the cell as a vesicle fuses to plasma membrane

Question 43

Potential difference

Answer 43

When positive and negative charges are separated in membrane potential

Question 44

Membrane potential

Answer 44

Unequal charge across the plasma membrane

Question 45

Resting membrane potential

Answer 45

-10mV to -100 mV (depends on cell type)