Chapter 1 vocab Flashcards
Anatomy
Describes the structures of the body
- What they are made of
- Where they are located
- Associated structures
Physiology
Is the study of:
- Functions of anatomical structures
- Individual and cooperative functions
Gross anatomy
macroscopic anatomy, examines large, visible structures
Developmental anatomy
from conception to adulthood, including embryology
Microscopic anatomy
examines cells and molecules
Cytology
Study of Cells
Histology
Study of tissues
Systemic physiology
Functions of organ systems
Pathological physiology
Effects of diseases on organs or systems
Patients may be present with
- Signs (fever)
- Symptoms (tiredness)
Scientific Method
- Form hypothesis
- Test hypothesis by collecting and analyzing data
Atoms
Smallest stable units of matter
Molecules
Consist of groups of atoms
Cells
Smallest living units in body
Tissue
Group of cells working together
Organ
Two or more tissues working together
Organ system
Group of interacting organs
Humans have __ organ systems
11 Organ systems
Organism
An individual life form
Integumentary system major organs
Skin, hair, sweat glands, nails
Integumentary system functions
- protects against environmental hazards
- regulate body temp
- provides sensory info
Skeletal system Functions
- support and protection for other tissues
- stores calcium and other minerals
- Forms blood cells
Muscular system functions
- provides movement
- provides protection and support for other tissues
- generates heat that maintains body temp.
Nervous system major organs
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- peripheral nerves
- sense organs
Nervous system functions
- Directs immediate responses to stimuli
- coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems
- provides and interprets sensory info abt ext. cond.
Endocrine system major organs
- Pituitary gland
- thyroid gland
- pancreas
- adrenal gland
- gonads
- endocrine tissues in other systems
Endocrine system functions
- Directs long-term changes in activities of other organs
- adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by body
- Controls many structural and functional changes during development
Cardiovascular system major organs
- Heart
- blood
- blood vessels
Cardiovascular system major organs
- Distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
- distribute heat and assists in control of body temp
Lymphatic system Major organs
- spleen
- thymus
- lymphatic vessels
- lymph nodes
- tonsils
Lymphatic system functions
- Defends against infection and disease
- Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
Respiratory system major organs
- nasal cavities
- sinuses
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
- alveoli
Respiratory system major functions
- delivers air to alveoli
- provides oxygen to bloodstream
- removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
- produces sounds for communication
Digestive system major organs
- teeth
- tongue
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestines
- large intestines
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
Digestive system major functions
- Processes and digests food
- absorbs and conserves water
- stores energy reserves
Urinary system major organs
- kidneys
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
Urinary system functions
- Excretes waste and products from the blood
- Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced
- stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
- regulates blood ion conc and pH
Male reproduction system major organs
- testes
- epididymides
- ductus deferentia
- seminal vesicles
- prostate gland
- penis
- scrotum
Male reproductive functions
-produces sperm, seminal fluids, hormones
Female reproductive major organs
- ovaries
- uterine tubes
- uterus
- vagina
- labia
- clitoris
- mammary glands
female reproductive system function
- produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
- supports developing embryo from conception to delivery
- provides milk
Eponyms
commemorative terms (replaced by precise terms)
Homeostasis
-All body systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment
two types of Homeostatic regulation
Autoregulation and extrinsic regulation
Autoregulation
Automatic response in cell, tissue, or organ to an environmental change
Extrinsic regulation
Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
Homeostatic regulatory mechanism
1) Receptor
2) Control center
3) Effector
Receptor
Receives stimulus
Control center
Processes the signal and sends instructions
Effector
Carries out instructions
Set point
Desired value that the internal conditions keep to
Negative feedback
Response of effector negates the stimulus.
Body is brought back into homeostasis
Positive feedback
Internal stimulus produces a response that amplifies the original change in conditions.
Body is moved away from homeostasis.
Positive feedback loop
Completes a dangerous process quickly to reestablish homeostasis
State of equilibrium
Opposing forces are in balance
Dynamic equilibrium
Continual adaptation
Disease
Failure in the physiological system to maintain balance
