Chapter 3 Vocab

Question 1

The first great Greek historian

Answer 1

Herodotus

Question 2

Herodotus wrote in these where he described wars and the origins of them

Answer 2

The Histories

Question 3

Ancient Greek Poet

Answer 3

Homer

Question 4

One of the two major ancient Greek poems created by Homer, about the Greek warrior Achilles, along with his rage and the destruction it causes

Answer 4

Iliad

Question 5

Another one of the two major ancient Greek poems created by Homer, about the story of Odysseus, king of Ithica, who wanders for 10 years (the story only talks about the final 6 weeks) trying to get home after the Trojan War

Answer 5

Odyssey

Question 6

A student of Socrates who kept his teacher’s ideas alive

Answer 6

Plato

Question 7

A dialogue written by Plato about an ideal society ruled by a government that rested upon a concept of justice and ethical values/ he also envisioned a society composed of workers, warriors, and “philosopher kings”

Answer 7

The Republic

Question 8

One of Plato’s students, became a famous Athenian philosopher

Answer 8

Aristotle

Question 9

Set down definitions of tragedy and comedy in the theater, as well as definitions of epic and lyric poetry (An additional contribution by Aristotle)

Answer 9

Poetics

Question 10

A collection of written texts based on Zarathustra’s beliefs which helped spread the religion

Answer 10

Avestas

Question 11

The most prolific author of comedies, plays in which a character triumphs over hardship, who wrote 40 plays

Answer 11

Aristophanes

Question 12

He wrote tragedies, dramas that deal with death, war, justice, and the relationships between gods and ordinary people

Answer 12

Aeschylus

Question 13

This describes how Athenians slaughtered people they captured in the Trojan War

Answer 13

The Trojan Women

Question 14

A Greek playwright that used the myths of the gods as convenient literary devices for their plays

Answer 14

Euripides

Question 15

Another Greek playwright that used the myths of the gods as convenient literary devices for their plays

Answer 15

Sophocles

Question 16

A great temple in Athens that had been destroyed in war with Persia and was rebuilt

Answer 16

Parthenon

Question 17

The capital city under Darius, located in what is now Iran, became a celebrated city, featuring an impressive royal palace and celebrating the artistic traditions of several groups in the empire

Answer 17

Persepolis

Question 18

A major center of the Minoan civilization, it was a combination of a religious and administrative center rather than a royal residence, earliest parts were built around 1900 B.C

Answer 18

Knossos Palace

Question 19

An influential Greek thinker

Answer 19

Socrates

Question 20

Socrates’ emphasis on continually asking questions to systematically clarify another person’s ideas and to identify the core of them

Answer 20

Socratic Method

Question 21

A school that taught students to question the nature of ideas such as good, evil, justice, and beauty, Plato opened this school

Answer 21

Academy

Question 22

An emphasis on moderation that Aristotle created

Answer 22

Golden Mean

Question 23

The concepts, principles, and systems of logical argumentation

Answer 23

Logic

Question 24

The theory that all knowledge is derived from sense experience

Answer 24

Empiricism

Question 25

The combination of ideas from different sources

Answer 25

Syncretic

Question 26

Belief in one god, Ahura Mazda, or the “wise lord”, also believed in a god of darkness and other lesser gods - which were not worshipped, taught concepts of heaven and hell, priests were called magi, based on Zarathustra’s beliefs, little texts called Avestas were produced

Answer 26

Zoroastrianism

Question 27

Persian prophet from 660 B.C.E - 583 B.C.E, who began teaching a new faith called Zoroastrianism

Answer 27

Zarathustra

Question 28

Underground canals, used to reduce the evaporation of water as it traveled to the fields, common in the arid Iranian Plateau of central Persia

Answer 28

Quanet

Question 29

Leader who ruled in 559-529 B.C.E, was succeeded by his son, Cambyses

Answer 29

Cyrus the Great

Question 30

Because of the victory from the Battle of Thermopylae, the Persians captured and burned Athens, this caused the Athenians and their allies to form the Delian League

Answer 30

Delian League

Question 31

The son of Cyrus the Great, conquered Egypt and parts of Southeast Europe

Answer 31

Cambyses

Question 32

A leader who ruled 522-486 B.C.E, created a new position called a satrap, added an efficient courier service with postal stations along the Royal Road, instituted regular tax payments

Answer 32

Darius 1

Question 33

Successor of Darius from 519-465 B.C.E, built a Gate of All Nations (Gateway of Xerxes) at an entrance in Persepolis to show that he was honoring all his subjects

Answer 33

Xerxes

Question 34

Sparta and Greek allies created this league so that Sparta could defeat Athens and become the dominant power in Greece

Answer 34

Peloponnesian League

Question 35

When Persia weakened and the Greeks divided, Philip resolved to conquer and unite the Greek city-states and then conquer Asia Minor, he quickly conquered all of the Greek city-states except Sparta

Answer 35

Philip 2

Question 36

When Philip was assassinated in 336 B.C.E, he was succeded by his son, Alexander, he immediately began the conquests that would earn him the name Alexander the Great and extend Greek influence all the way to India

Answer 36

Alexander the Great

Question 37

A reform-minded aristocrat who lived in the sixth century B.C.E, he became known as a wise ruler who improved life in Athens, he is credited with setting free many Athenians enslaved for debt and limiting the amount of land any one man could own

Answer 37

Solon

Question 38

A Greek politician and general during the Golden Age of Athens, started an ambitious project that generated most of the surviving structures on the Acropolis, including the Parthenon, this project beautified and protected the city

Answer 38

Pericles

Question 39

Chief among the generals/rulers were the Ptolemies in Egypt

Answer 39

Ptolemies

Question 40

City-states; singular = Polis

Answer 40

Poleis (Polis)

Question 41

Where a king ruled the state

Answer 41

Monarchies

Question 42

Where nobles ruled

Answer 42

Aristocracy

Question 43

Where a few wealthy landowners and merchants ruled

Answer 43

Oligarchy

Question 44

Leaders who seized power with the people’s support, by 650 B.C.E, tyrants had overthrown the aristocrats in most city-states

Answer 44

Tyrants

Question 45

Where all citizens participated

Answer 45

Democracy

Question 46

A government in which all citizens could vote directly on laws and other issues in a large assembly

Answer 46

Direct Democracy

Question 47

A government in which citizens elect leaders to represent them and give those leaders powers to make laws and govern

Answer 47

Representative Democracy

Question 48

An island in the Aegean Sea where the Minoans lived

Answer 48

Crete

Question 49

A beautiful city on Crete, for a while the wealthiest city on the Aegean

Answer 49

Knossos

Question 50

The Bronze Age civilization of Crete that flourished from about 3000 B.C.E. to about 1100 B.C.E, the name derives from Minos, either a dynastic title or the name of a particular ruler of Crete who has a place in Greek legend

Answer 50

Minoan Civilization

Question 51

A city located on the mainland of Greece that was probably never conquered by the Minoan, however, contained artifacts showing a number of Minoan influences

Answer 51

Mycenae

Question 52

One of the largest colonies that was located on the island of Sicily

Answer 52

Syracuse

Question 53

Another one of the largest colonies that was located on the island of Sicily

Answer 53

Agrigentum

Question 54

Conquered Greek area rebelled in campaigns around 499 B.C.E

Answer 54

Persian Wars

Question 55

City in mainland Greece, where an outnumbered Athenian army defeated the Persian forces of Darius, who then withdrew from Greece

Answer 55

Marathon

Question 56

When Xerxes tried to push westward, he organized a force of thousands and attacked Greece, defeating a few hundred Spartans and their allies at this battle

Answer 56

Battle of Thermopylae

Question 57

Naval battle fought in 480 B.C, between an alliance of Greek city-states under Themistocles, and the Achaemenid under King Xerxes

Answer 57

Battle of Salamis

Question 58

They conquered most of the lands from the Aegean Sea (west of Turkey) to the borders of India

Answer 58

Persians

Question 59

The Empire under Cambyses, sometimes called the First Persian Empire, united three of the earliest centers of civilization - Mesopotamia, Egypt, and India - into one powerful empire, covering a territory almost the size of the United States, it was the largest most diverse empire in the world (70 distinct ethnic groups)

Answer 59

Achaemenid Empire

Question 60

Cheif among the generals/rulers were the Seleucids in Asia, who ruled Persia from 305 to 83 B.C.E, encouraged Greeks and Macedonians to settle there as colonists, lost control of their eastern lands to Parthians and were finally replaced by the Romans

Answer 60

Seleucids

Question 61

Ruled over what is now Iraq, Iran, and much of the land bordering western India, beginning in 247 B.C.E, their capital city was Ctesiphone, kept the Achaemenid’s satrap system of governing, in the first century they prevented the Roman Empire’s army from marching east beyond Syria

Answer 61

Parthians

Question 62

During 224-651 C.E, the Sassanid dynasty ruled, they defeated the Parthians, promoted Zoroastrianism and persecuted Christians, large empire but not as large as the Parthian Empire was

Answer 62

Sassanids

Question 63

One of the most powerful poleis

Answer 63

Athens

Question 64

Another one of the most powerful poleis

Answer 64

Sparta

Question 65

Alexander the Great founded the great city of Alexandria in Egypt which would become a center of Hellenistic culture and a major seaport

Answer 65

Alexendria

Question 66

The period between the death of the king Alexander the Great in 323 B.C.E, takes its name from the Greek word, Hellenes, meaning “Greeks.”

Answer 66

Hellenistic Period

Question 67

Infantry members

Answer 67

Hoplites

Question 68

Nine top officials

Answer 68

Archons

Question 69

Slaves that did agricultural labor to feed everyone

Answer 69

Helots

Question 70

A ruler of a province who was responsible to the emperor, not to local leaders

Answer 70

Satraps

Question 71

Greek elites, ruled by hereditary right and enjoyed a life of leisure thanks to their riches, it is said that in the archaic age, only these aristocrats possessed full citizenship rights, allowing them to rule their cities

Answer 71

Aristocrats

Question 72

A person who buys and sells goods/commodities for profit; dealer; trader

Answer 72

Merchants

Question 73

Women who ran their households with greater freedom than other Greek women, they could receive an education, could own property, and were not secluded in their homes

Answer 73

Spartan Women

Question 74

Darius instituted the construction of this, which were combination inns and markets for people traveling for the Royal Road by cancel caravan

Answer 74

Caravanserai

Question 75

The empire instituted this and it was accepted across the empire, this made trade simpler thereby uniting the empire and promoting prosperity

Answer 75

Common Currency

Question 76

A road that spanned some 1,500 miles across the empire, was the most famous of the network of roads built to encourage trade

Answer 76

Royal Road

Question 77

Portrayed statues of how people should look like rather than how they looked like in real life

Answer 77

Myron

Question 78

Athena, in charge of Parthenon’s statues, the statue of Athena is the most famous, Athena is described in a warlike aspect, carrying her shield, spear, and helmet

Answer 78

Phidias

Question 79

100 years after the Golden Age, statues reflected the change Greeks had suffered through the Peloponnesian Wars, favored life-size statues, emphasized grace rather than power, statues of ordinary people

Answer 79

Praxiteles

Question 80

582-500 B.C, the universe could only be understood through numbers, the sun, moon, and the earth revolved around a central fire, each planet produces a tone, famous for the Pythagorean Theorem: a^2 + b^2 = c^2

Answer 80

Pythagoras

Question 81

460-377 B.C, founded a school of medicine, rejected that sickness comes from the gods, careful observations of symptoms: acute + chronic, “holistic” healing: hygiene, diet, curative powers of nature, the Hippocratic Oath

Answer 81

Hippocrates