Chapter 3: The Physiology Of Age-RElated And Lifestyle-Related Decline

Question 1

Which of the following is INCORRECT about cachexia?
A. It is defined by muscle wasting that is associated with AIDS, cancer, and COPD
B. Caused by massive increase in inflammatory cytokines
C. Proper nutrition can reverse the course of cachexia

Answer 1

C

Rationale:
Cachexia- irreversible (ex: AIDS, cancer, COPD); body wasting

Sarcopenia- reversible; mm wasting d/t dec proteins based on DEXA

Question 2

(T/F)
Hormonal changes in aging can cause higher breakdown rate of bones

Answer 2

True

Any dec changes can affect osteoclast to breakdown the bones

Question 3

What are the 2 hormones that decrease while aging?

Answer 3

Estrogen & Testosterone

Question 4

(T/F)

As the body ages, fat mass decrease; lean mass increases

Answer 4

False

Rationale:
Fat mass INCREASES
Lean mass DECREASES

Question 5

What risk factors that causes an increase of fat?

Answer 5

Metabollic Syndrome
Heart Disease
Diabetes

Question 6

Which of the following age related changes is NOT common in collagenous tissue?

A. Decrease in number of collagen crosslink makes the tissue stiffer
B. Loss of elastic fiber contributes to bladder issues and hernia formation
C. Decrease ability to absorb shock is a result in loss of water in the matric

Answer 6

A

Rationale:
INCREASE crosslinks = stiffness

Question 7

What are the factors affecting the decline of maximum HR in elderly?

Answer 7

Increased stiffness of the heart with slower filling of the L VENTRICLE

Age-related decrease in the number of cells in the sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 8

Which of the following is the cause of a possible smaller aerobic workload in Elderly?

A. Thickened basement membrane in capillary
B. Loss of cells from the SA node
C. Decline in Vo2max

Answer 8

C

Rationale:
DECREASE max HR = smaller aerobic workload
DECREASE Vo2max = smaller aerobic workload

Stiffer less compliant vascular tissue
= INCREASE BP
= SLOW ventricle filling time c REDUCED cardiac output
= DECREASE cardiac output d/t SLOW refill of the ventricles

Loss of cells from SA node = Slow HR, lower HRmax

Reduced contractility of the vascular walls = slower HR, lower Vo2max, smaller aerobic workload possible

Thickened basement membrane in capillary = REDUCED arteriovenous O2 uptake

Question 9

What causes the hear and peripheral vessels to be stiff and less compliant?

A. Decreased crosslinking of collagen
B. Loss of elastin
C. Decrease blood pressure

Answer 9

B

Rationale:

Benefits of warm-up:
- accommodate for the slower arteriovenous oxygen change
- stiffness vascular tissue
- reduction in sympathetic NS output
- lower aerobic capacity

Question 10

What changes can be seen in the Nervous System?

Answer 10

1. Loss of myelin sheath = slow nerve production
2. Axonal loss = fewer mm fibers, loss of fine sensation
3. Autonomic systemic dysfunction = slower system function c altered sensory input
4. Loss of sensory neurons = reduce ability to discern hot/cold & pain
5. Slowed response time (speed reaction = INCREASE risk of falls

Question 11

(T/F)
There is an increase in systemic inflammation because of changes in the immune system

Answer 11

TRUE

Question 12

What are some age-related changes in the Nervous System and Associated Clinical Consequences?

Answer 12

1. INCREASE is known pro inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 & 10 (IL-1, IL- 10)
2. C-reactive protein (CRP)
3. Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a)

Question 13

Which of the following approaches is considered to manage total body inflammation in elderly?

Answer 13

Antioxidants
Caloric
Exercise
Anti-inflammatory

Question 14

(T/F)

Loss of estrogen can affect the lean mass and strength of postmenopausal women

Answer 14

True

Rationale:

1. Loss of sex hormones = DECREASE mass et strength
2. Loss of estrogen = DECREASE lean mass, strength, bone density
3. Testosterone = insulin; IGF-1