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Biology 1 > Chapter 3 The Chemical Building Blocks Of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 3 The Chemical Building Blocks Of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

List the 7 functional groups

A 
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Sulfhydryl
Phosphate 
Methyl
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2
Q

Hydroxyl is found in

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, nuclei can acids, lipids

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3
Q

Carbonyl found in

A

Carbohydrates, nucleic acid

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4
Q

Carbonyl found in

A

Proteins, lipids

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5
Q

Amino found in

A

Proteins, nucleic acids

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6
Q

Sulfhydryl found in

A

Proteins

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7
Q

Phosphate found in

A

Nucleic acids

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8
Q

Methyl found in

A

Proteins

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9
Q

Isomers

A

These are molecules that have the same molecular or empirical formula but can exist in different forms called isomers

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10
Q

Name the macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
Proteins
Fats - lipids

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11
Q

What is a macromolecule

A

Macromolecules are polymers, which is a long molecule that is built by linking together a large number of small, similar chemical subunits called monomers

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12
Q

What is DEHYDRATION

A

The formation of large molecules by the REMOVAL of water.

- monomers are joined to form polymers

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13
Q

HYDROLYSIS

A

The breakdown of large molecules by the ADDITION of water

- polymers are broken down to monomers

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14
Q

Carbohydrates have molecules with what ratio

A

1:2:1

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15
Q

Monomers of carbohydrate is

A

Saccharide

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16
Q

Monosaccharides are

A

Simple sugars. It’s the simplest carbohydrate

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17
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharide linked together by dehydration synthesis

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18
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Longer polymers made up of monosaccharides that have been joined through dehydration synthesis

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19
Q

Examples of disaccharides include

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

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20
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch
Cellulose
Chitin - structural material found in Arthropods and many fungi

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21
Q

Disaccharides are used for

A

Transport
Energy storage
- they are reservoirs of glucose

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22
Q

Maltose is comprised of

A

Glucose + glucose

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23
Q

Sucrose is composed of

A

Glucose + fructose (table sugar)

24
Q

Lactose is composed of

A

Glucose + galactose

25
Q

Polysaccharides are used for

A

Energy storage

Structural support

26
Q

What do animals use to store sugar and what do plants use

A

Animals use glycogen

Plants use starch

27
Q

What do plants and animals use for structural support

A

Plants - cellulose

Animals - chitin

28
Q

Functions of nucleic acids

A

For storage, Transmission and use of genetic information

29
Q

3 types of nucleic acids

A

DNA
RNA
ATP

30
Q

Nucleic acids are polymers of what? And what are the opponents of this

A

Polymers of nucleotides

Nucleotides: sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base

31
Q

Nitrogenous bases include

A

Purines: adenine and guanine (think small name big structure)

Pyrimidines: thymine, cytosine, uracil (think big name, small structure)

32
Q

What is the backbone of s nucleic acid

A

Phosphate sugar

33
Q

DNA is held together by what type of bond

A

Hydrogen bond.

Although weak, DNA is strong because there are a lot of them

34
Q

What type of bond holds the backbone of DNA together.

A

Phosphodiester bond

This is the sugar phosphate backbone

35
Q

Nucleic acids consists of

A

A five carbon sugar
A phosphate PO4 group
An organic nitrogenous base

36
Q

Which bond is stronger
A-T
C-G

A

C-G

37
Q

What makes RNA different from DNA

A
  • contains ribose instead of deoxyribose
  • contains uracil instead of thymine
  • single polynucleotide strand - DNA double stranded
  • reads the genetic information in DNA
  • directs the synthesis of proteins
38
Q

Protein function include

A 
Enzyme catalyst
Defense
Transport
Support
Motion
Regulation
Storage
39
Q

Proteins are polymers of__________ and there are ___ different types

A

Amino acids

20

40
Q

The covalent bond you will find between amino acids is called a

A

Peptide bond

41
Q

How many essential amino acids are there

A

8 we must get these from our diets since we cannot synthesize them

42
Q

An amino acid structure that forms a protein consists of

A

A central carbon atom surrounded by

  • amino group
  • carbonyl group
  • single hydrogen
  • variable R group
43
Q

The structures of protein include

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

44
Q

What helps to fold proteins and resold improperly folded proteins

A

Chaperone proteins

45
Q

What dictates the chemical properties of the amino acid

A

R group

46
Q

What may cause protein to denature

A
  • pH
  • temperature
  • salt concentration
47
Q

Lipids may be soluble in water T/F

A

F

Lipids are insoluble in water and have a high proportion of C-H bonds which causes the molecule to be hydrophobic

48
Q

Two main categories of lipids are

A
  • fats (triglycerides)

- phospholipids

49
Q

Composition of triglycerides are

A

1 glycerol

3 fatty acids

50
Q

What are fatty acids

A

Long hydrocarbon chains that may be

  • saturated
  • unsaturated
  • polyunsaturated
51
Q

Saturated fatty acids have higher or lower melting points

A

They have higher melting points. Saturated fatty acids can pack together tightly, making them solid at room temperature and more difficult to melt

52
Q

Triglycerides store twice as much energy as carbohydrates T/F

A

T

53
Q

Phospholipids are composed of

A

Glycerol
Fatty acids
A phosphate group

54
Q

What are stereoisomers

A

They are identical in terms of which atoms are bonded to each other, but they differ in spatial arrangement of their atoms

55
Q

Carbon can form up to how many covalent bonds

A

4

Biology 1 (3 decks)

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