Chapter 3 The Chemical Building Blocks Of Life Flashcards
List the 7 functional groups
Hydroxyl Carbonyl Carboxyl Amino Sulfhydryl Phosphate Methyl
Hydroxyl is found in
Carbohydrates, proteins, nuclei can acids, lipids
Carbonyl found in
Carbohydrates, nucleic acid
Carbonyl found in
Proteins, lipids
Amino found in
Proteins, nucleic acids
Sulfhydryl found in
Proteins
Phosphate found in
Nucleic acids
Methyl found in
Proteins
Isomers
These are molecules that have the same molecular or empirical formula but can exist in different forms called isomers
Name the macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
Proteins
Fats - lipids
What is a macromolecule
Macromolecules are polymers, which is a long molecule that is built by linking together a large number of small, similar chemical subunits called monomers
What is DEHYDRATION
The formation of large molecules by the REMOVAL of water.
- monomers are joined to form polymers
HYDROLYSIS
The breakdown of large molecules by the ADDITION of water
- polymers are broken down to monomers
Carbohydrates have molecules with what ratio
1:2:1
Monomers of carbohydrate is
Saccharide
Monosaccharides are
Simple sugars. It’s the simplest carbohydrate
Disaccharides
2 monosaccharide linked together by dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharide
Longer polymers made up of monosaccharides that have been joined through dehydration synthesis
Examples of disaccharides include
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
Examples of polysaccharides
Starch
Cellulose
Chitin - structural material found in Arthropods and many fungi
Disaccharides are used for
Transport
Energy storage
- they are reservoirs of glucose
Maltose is comprised of
Glucose + glucose
Sucrose is composed of
Glucose + fructose (table sugar)
Lactose is composed of
Glucose + galactose
Polysaccharides are used for
Energy storage
Structural support
What do animals use to store sugar and what do plants use
Animals use glycogen
Plants use starch
What do plants and animals use for structural support
Plants - cellulose
Animals - chitin
Functions of nucleic acids
For storage, Transmission and use of genetic information
3 types of nucleic acids
DNA
RNA
ATP
Nucleic acids are polymers of what? And what are the opponents of this
Polymers of nucleotides
Nucleotides: sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base
Nitrogenous bases include
Purines: adenine and guanine (think small name big structure)
Pyrimidines: thymine, cytosine, uracil (think big name, small structure)
What is the backbone of s nucleic acid
Phosphate sugar
DNA is held together by what type of bond
Hydrogen bond.
Although weak, DNA is strong because there are a lot of them
What type of bond holds the backbone of DNA together.
Phosphodiester bond
This is the sugar phosphate backbone
Nucleic acids consists of
A five carbon sugar
A phosphate PO4 group
An organic nitrogenous base
Which bond is stronger
A-T
C-G
C-G
What makes RNA different from DNA
- contains ribose instead of deoxyribose
- contains uracil instead of thymine
- single polynucleotide strand - DNA double stranded
- reads the genetic information in DNA
- directs the synthesis of proteins
Protein function include
Enzyme catalyst Defense Transport Support Motion Regulation Storage
Proteins are polymers of__________ and there are ___ different types
Amino acids
20
The covalent bond you will find between amino acids is called a
Peptide bond
How many essential amino acids are there
8 we must get these from our diets since we cannot synthesize them
An amino acid structure that forms a protein consists of
A central carbon atom surrounded by
- amino group
- carbonyl group
- single hydrogen
- variable R group
The structures of protein include
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
What helps to fold proteins and resold improperly folded proteins
Chaperone proteins
What dictates the chemical properties of the amino acid
R group
What may cause protein to denature
- pH
- temperature
- salt concentration
Lipids may be soluble in water T/F
F
Lipids are insoluble in water and have a high proportion of C-H bonds which causes the molecule to be hydrophobic
Two main categories of lipids are
- fats (triglycerides)
- phospholipids
Composition of triglycerides are
1 glycerol
3 fatty acids
What are fatty acids
Long hydrocarbon chains that may be
- saturated
- unsaturated
- polyunsaturated
Saturated fatty acids have higher or lower melting points
They have higher melting points. Saturated fatty acids can pack together tightly, making them solid at room temperature and more difficult to melt
Triglycerides store twice as much energy as carbohydrates T/F
T
Phospholipids are composed of
Glycerol
Fatty acids
A phosphate group
What are stereoisomers
They are identical in terms of which atoms are bonded to each other, but they differ in spatial arrangement of their atoms
Carbon can form up to how many covalent bonds
4
