Chapter 1 - The Science Of Bio Flashcards
List the systemic approach that scientists use to understand the natural world
- observation
- ask questions
- formulate a hypothesis
Null hypothesis/Alternative hypothesis - make predictions
- design the experiment
- conduct the experiment
- analyze the data
- form a conclusion
What is a hypothesis
It is a proposition that might be true or a statement including a cause
It is suggested explanations for an observed phenomena
What is a Theory
An accepted fact
Well tested and shown to be true under rigors of scientific experiment
Nb: a hypothesis involves one test. A theory undergoes multiple tests before becoming a theory
What is a NEGATIVE control
- the control of doing nothin: PLACEBO
- gets every other environmental variable except what the treatment that is given
E.g. Testing plant fertilizer by giving it to only half the plants in the garden: the plants that receive no fertilizer are the control group, because they establish they establish the baseline level of growth that the fertilizer treated plants will be compared against. Without the control group, the experiment cannot determine wether the fertilizer treated plants grow more than they would, had they not been treated. So if the treatment does nothing to the other group, it would be like a negative control.
What is a POSITIVE control
What you expect to see if there really is an effect
E.g. You know that farting pills make you far t because you’ve determined it somehow.
Bean=treatment
Subject eat bean shaped placebo=negative effect
What were some of Darwin’s observations
Darwin saw that the characteristics of similar species varied from place to place and here geographical patterns suggested suggested to him that as a species migrated from one are to another, their lineage change gradually.
According to Darwin, evolution occurs because of
Natural selection
Deductive reasoning
Applies general principles to predict specific results
Eg if ALL mammals by definition have hair, and you find an animal that does not have hair, you may conclude that this animal is not a mammal.
Inductive reasoning
Using SPECIFIC observations to construct general scientific principles
Eg if you observe that poodles have hair, terriers have hair, and every dog that you know have hair, then you conclude that all dogs have hair.
Homologous
Same evolutionary origin, but they now differ in structure and function eg bat wing and my arm
Analogous
Different evolutionary origins but they have similar functions
Natural selection according to Darwin
Where individuals with superior physical or behavioral characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than those without such characteristics
What is the cell theory
- all living organisms consist of living cells
- cells come from preexisting cells
Life on earth is divided into 3 domains, which are:
Bacteria - single celled called PROKARYOTES
Archaea - single celled called PROKARYOTES
Eukarya - EUKARYOTES - multiple complex cells like fungi
What are 7 characteristics shared by living systems?
- Cellular organization: Living organisms are made up of one or more cells
- Ordered complexity: all living things are complex and highly ordered
- Sensitivity: all living organisms respond to stimuli
- Growth, Development, and reproduction:
- Energy utilization:
- Homeostasis: organisms maintain a relatively constant internal condition that is different from the environment
- Evolutionary adaptation: all living organisms interact with other organisms and non living things influence their survival
