Chapter 3: The Chemical building blocks of Life

Question 1

Hydrocarbons

Answer 1

Consist of carbon and hydrogen

Question 2

Enantiomers

Answer 2

Mirror image molecules

Chiral

Question 3

Polymer

Answer 3

Built by linking monomers

Nucleic Acids

Question 4

Monomer

Answer 4

Small, similar chemical subunits

Nucleotides

Question 5

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 5

Removal of water

Monomers are joined to form polymers

Question 6

Hydrolysis

Answer 6

Addition of water

Polymers are broken down to monomers

Question 7

Purines

Answer 7

Adenine and guanine

Question 8

Pyrimides

Answer 8

Thymine, cytosine, and uracil

Question 9

DNA

Answer 9

Encodes information for amino acid sequence of proteins
Double Helix
Contains deoxyribose

Question 10

RNA

Answer 10

Contains ribose
Single polynucleotide strand
Uses information in DNA to specify sequence of amino acids in proteins.

Question 11

ATP

Answer 11

Adenosine Triphosphate

Primary energy currency of the cell

Question 12

NAD+ and FAD+

Answer 12

Electron carriers for many cellular reactions

Question 13

Protein functions

Answer 13

1. Enzyme catalysis
2. Defense
3. Transport
4. Support
5. Motion
6. Regulation
7. Storage

Question 14

Amino acid structure

Answer 14

Central carbon atom
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Single hydrogen
Variable R group

Question 15

Primary structure

Answer 15

Sequence of amino acids

Question 16

Secondary structure

Answer 16

Interaction of groups in the peptide backbone

Question 17

Tertiary structure

Answer 17

Final folded shape of a globular protein
Stabilized by a number of forces
Final level of structure of proteins consisting of only a single polypeptide chain

Question 18

Quaternary structure

Answer 18

Arrangement of individual chains (subunits) in a protein with 2 or more polypeptide chains

Question 19

Motifs

Answer 19

Common elements of secondary structure seen in many polypeptides

Question 20

Domains

Answer 20

Functional units within a larger structure

Question 21

Chaperones

Answer 21

Help protein fold correctly

Question 22

Cystic fibrosis

Answer 22

Deficiencies in chaperone proteins

Hereditary disorder

Question 23

Denaturation

Answer 23

Protein loses structure and function
Due to environmental conditions
-pH
-Temperature
-Ionic concentration of solution

Question 24

Lipids

Answer 24

Insoluble in water

Fats, oils, waxes, and even more vitamins

Question 25

Triglycerides

Answer 25

Composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 26

Fatty acids

Answer 26

Need not to be identical

Chain length varies

Question 27

Saturated

Answer 27

No double bonds between carbon atoms

Higher melting point, animal origin

Question 28

Unsaturated

Answer 28

1 or more double bonds

Low melting point, plant origin

Question 29

Phospholipids

Answer 29

Composed of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group.

Form all biological membranes

Question 30

Micelles

Answer 30

Lipid molecules orient with polar head toward water and nonpolar tails away from water.

Question 31

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 31

More complicated structure where 2 layers form
Hydrophilic heads point outward
Hydrophobic tails point inward toward each other