Chapter 2: The Nature of Molecules Flashcards
What are atoms made of?
All atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
What determines the atomic number?
The number of protons
What determines the atomic mass?
The sum of the protons and neutrons
Isotopes
Atoms of an element that possess a different number of NEUTRONS.
Radioactive isotopes
The decay into elements of lower atomic number
What does half-life refer to?
The amount of time necessary to decay half the atoms of a given sample.
Ions
Atoms in which the number of protons and electrons differ.
Cation
Protons > Electrons
Anion
Electrons > Protons
Oxidation
Loss of an electron
Reduction
Gain of an electron
Molecule
A group of atoms held together by energy in a stable association.
Compound
Composes of two or more different types of atoms.
Ionic Bonds
Formed because ions of opposite charge attract one another.
Covalent Bonds
Formed when two or more atoms share pairs of valence electrons.
Nonpoloar Covalent bonds
Electrons are shared equally between atoms
Polar Covalent bonds
Electrons are not shared equally and there is a partial electronegative charge near one atom and a partial positive charge near the other atom.
List the Bonds and interactions in order from strongest to weakest
Covalent > Ionic > Hydrogen > Hydrophobic > Van der Waals
Catalyst
Increases rate of reaction
Lowers activation energy
Does not participate in reaction
Hydrophillic
Likes water
Hydrophobic
Hates water
Buffer in human blood
Carbonic acid and bicarbonate
