Chapter 3 - The Cell: The Fundamental Unit of Life Flashcards
What two domains of life are called prokaryotes?
Single-celled bacteria and archaea.
List the differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes cells.
1) Eukaryotes are 10-100 times larger than prokaryotic cells.
2) Eukaryotes are more structurally complex than prokaryotes.
3) Eukaryotes have membrane enclosed organelles but prokaryotes do not.
4) Eukaryotes appeared 2.1 billion years ago and prokaryotes appeared 3.5 billion years ago.
5) Eukaryotes DNA is housed within the membrane enclosed nucleus but in Prokaryotes is not contained within any cellular structure.
6) Eukaryotes can be multicellular or unicellular, but prokaryotes can only be unicellular.
7) Examples of Eukaryotes are plan and animal cells. Examples of Prokaryotes are Bacteria and Archaea.
List each of the parts of an idealized Prokaryotic Cell.
1) Cell Wall - Rigid outer layer that provides shape.
2) Plasma Membrane - A thin layer that regulates the passage of substances.
3) Capsule - Sticky Outer Coat that surrounds the cell wall. (Provides protection and stickiness to surfaces.)
4) Pilus/Pili - Short Projections that can attach to surfaces or other Prokaryotes.
5) Flagellum - A long cellular appendage that aids in movement.
6) Cytoplasm - The interior of the cell.
7) Ribosomes - Small structure that build proteins using instructions encoded in DNA.
8) Plasmids - Small Rings of DNA that duplicate independently and can be exchanged among cells.
9) Nucleoid - A nucleus-like region where the DNA is coiled but is not surrounded by a membrane.
What are the common structures in plant and animal cells?
1) Nucleus - The membrane bound region that houses most of the cell’s DNA.
2) Nuclear Envelope - A double-layer membrane that regulates traffic between Nucleus and Cytoplasm
3) Cytoplasm - Fluid Filled Region Between the Nucleus and the Plasma membrane.
4) Cytoskeleton - A network of fibers that maintains the cell’s shape, provides support, and aids movement.
5) Ribosomes - Sites of Protein Manufacture that are either free-floating or attached to the rough ER.
6) Endoplasmic Reticulum - A manufacturing site for a variety of cellular products. (Rough = Ribosomes, Soft = Steroids/Lipids)
7) Golgi Apparatus - An Organelle that refines, receives, and ships, many cellular products.
8) Vesicle - A membrane enclosed sac that stores or transports materials in the cytoplasm.
9) Flagellum - A long appendage that propels the cell.
10) Plasma Membrane - Outer boundary of the cell that regulates the passage of substances.
11) Mitochondria - Sites for Cellular Respiration for the Harvesting of Energy.
What structures are unique to animal cells?
1) Lysosome - A membrane-enclosed bubble of digestive enzymes that can break down and recycle foreign or worn-out cellular substances.
What structures are unique to plant cells?
1) Cell Wall - A rigid protective layer made of cellulose that helps maintain the cell’s shape.
2) Central Vacuole - A storage sac that can hold a variety of substances like water and nutrients, Responsible for maintaining internal cell pressure.
3) Chloroplasts - Contains Structures that convert light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis.
What is the plasma membrane composed of?
1) Phospholipid bilayer.
2) Membrane Proteins that regulated the passage of larger materials and communication.
3) Carbohydrate Chains that act as markers.
What is the plasma membrane referred to as?
Fluid Mosaic - Molecules can move freely past one another and diverse numbers of proteins that float in the phospholipid sea.
Define extracellular fluid.
The liquid environment outside the cell.
What are the two main categories of transport of materials in the cell?
1) Passive Transport - Higher Concentration to Lower Concentration (No Energy Expended)
2) Active Transport - Lower Concentration to Higher Concentration (Energy Expended)
What are the Three Types of Passive Transport?
1) Diffusion - Higher Concentration –> Lower Concentration.
2) Osmosis - The Diffusion of Water
3) Facilitated Diffusion - Helps proteins that are too large to be transported into or out of the cell through transport proteins that act as selective channels.
What are the two types of Active Transport?
1) Endocytosis - Transport of Large substances into the cell by a vacuole opening outward from the plasma membrane and the sealing inward and taking the material into the cell.
2) Exocytosis - Transport of Large Substances Outside of the cell by creating a vacuole inside the cell and releasing it outside the plasma membrane.
What usually drives active transport?
A protein pump that sits within the plasma membrane.
How is the cell’s DNA stored?
In chromosomes in the nucleus.
What is a chromosome?
Structures consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules.
Define the Nuclear Envelope?
A double-layered membrane similar to the phospholipid layer that regulated the passage of material in and out of the nucleus.
What are nuclear pores?
Protein lined openings that allow certain molecules like RNA to pass through.
What are fibers formed by DNA and protein called?
Chromatin.
