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Biology Exam #1 > Chapter 2 - The Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - The Chemistry of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Chemistry.

A

The scientific study of matter.

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2
Q

Define matter.

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

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3
Q

Define Atoms.

A

The smallest units that retain all the properties of their type of matter.

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4
Q

Define Molecules.

A

Atoms bonded to one another.

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5
Q

What are the three forms of matter?

A

1) Liquid
2) Solid
3) Gas

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6
Q

Define Elements.

A

Substances that cannot be broken down into other substances via chemical reactions.

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7
Q

Define Compounds.

A

Substances with two or more elements in a fixed ration.

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8
Q

Define Reactants and Products.

A

Reactants - Starting Matter

Products - Ending Matter

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9
Q

How many naturally occurring elements are there on earth?

A

92.

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10
Q

What four elements make up the vast majority of matter?

A

wh1) Oxygen
2) Carbon
3) Hydrogen
4) Nitrogen

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11
Q

What seven elements make up the bulk of the remaining matter?

A

1) Calcium
2) Phosphorous
3) Potassium
4) Sulfur
5) Sodium
6) Chlorine
7) Magnesium

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12
Q

What are the remaining 14 trace elements?

A

1) Boron
2) Chromium
3) Cobalt
4) Copper
5) Fluorine
6) Iodine
7) Iron
8) Manganese
9) Molybdenum
10) Selenium
11) Silicon
12) Tin
13) Vanadium
14) Zinc

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13
Q

What are the three types of particles in an atom?

A

1) Protons - Positively charged
2) Neutrons - Neutral
3) Electrons - Negatively charged.

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14
Q

Which two particles in an atom have significant mass?

A

Neutrons and Protons

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15
Q

What particle do isotopes vary in?

A

Neutrons

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16
Q

What do the number of protons determine?

A

The element type.

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17
Q

What are the two general types of bonds?

A

1) Ionic Bonds - A Transfer of Electrons

2) Covalent Bonds - Sharing of Electrons.

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18
Q

What are the two types of Covalent Bonds?

A

1) Nonpolar covalent bonds - equal sharing of electrons.

2) Polar Covalent Bonds - Unequal sharing of electrons.

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19
Q

Define a Hydrogen Bond.

A

The bonds hydrogen and oxygen from different water molecules from with each other. This gives water its unique properties.

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20
Q

What are the four properties in water aided by hydrogen bonding?

A

1) Ice Floating - Preserves Life Underneath It.
2) Solvent - Used in a solution to carry minerals into cells and available for life’s processes.
3) Temperature Regulation - Can absorb and release a lot of heat with only a slight change in its temperature.
4) Cohesion and Adhesion

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21
Q

Define Cohesion and Adhesion.

A

Cohesion - Water Molecules Tend to Stick to Each Other.

Adhesion - Water droplets tend to stick to surfaces.

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22
Q

Define an aqueous solution.

A

A solution that contains a solute dissolved in water.

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23
Q

Define the pH scale.

A

1) A Measure of the H+ ions in an aqueous solution.

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24
Q

Define what 0, 7, and 14 indicate on the pH scale?

A

1) 0 - Acidic Solution With a Greater Concentration of H+ ions.
2) 7 - Neutral Solution where H+ Concentration Equals OH- Concentration.
3) 14 - Basic Solution With a Greater Concentration of OH- Ions.

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25
Q

What does a 1-step in pH indicate about the concentration of H+ ions?

A

A tenfold change in H+ ion concentration.

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26
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A chemical that minimizes changes in pH by accepting H+ ions when oversaturated or donating H+ ions when in short supply.

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27
Q

What do Acids and Bases do when dissolved in water?

A

Acid - Releases H+ Ions

Base - Removes H+ Ions

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28
Q

Define Organic Compounds.

A

Molecules that contain carbon bonded to other elements.

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29
Q

What are the three types of carbon skeletons?

A

1) 3 - Carbon - (In a line)
2) Branched Carbon - (4-Carbon in a upside-down T shape)
3) Ring Carbon Skeleton.

30
Q

Define a functional group.

A

Sets of atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton.

31
Q

What are three common functional groups found in common molecules?

A

1) Hydroxyl Group - OH
2) Amino Group - NH2
3) Phosphate Group - OP4

32
Q

What are the four classes of biologically important organic compounds?

A

1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic Acids.

33
Q

Define Macromolecules.

A

Large Molecules that have complex structures.

34
Q

Define Hydrolysis Reactions.

A

A longer polymer is added to water and is broken down to form a shorter polymer and a monomer.

35
Q

Define a Dehydration Synthesis Reaction.

A

A H+ and OH- group is removed from each monomer and the monomers are formed into a polymer and water.

36
Q

Define metabolism.

A

The Sum Total of Chemical Reactions that Take Place in Your Body.

37
Q

Define Carbohydrates.

A

Includes Sugars and Large Molecules Made of Sugars.

38
Q

Define the types of carbohydrates and what each term means.

A

Monosaccharides - The building blocks of carbohydrates.
Disaccharides - Sugars formed by joining two monosaccharides. (Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose etc.)
Polysaccharides - A complex carbohydrate chain made by join monosaccharides together into a large chain.

39
Q

Define Isomer.

A

Same number and kind of atoms but differ in arrangement.

40
Q

What property do all lipids share in common?

A

They are all hydrophobic.

41
Q

Define hydrophobic.

A

They do not mix with water.

42
Q

Define a phospholipid.

A

A phosphate group in its water loving head and two hydrophobic tails.

43
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer?

A

The membrane that surrounds cells and regulates the passage of materials. Made by stacking the hydrophilic heads towards water and hydrophobic tails to each other.

44
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A lipid that is found in most animal derived foods.

45
Q

What are the two types of cholesterol?

A

1) LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein. - “Bad Cholesterol - Can Increase Risk of Heart Disease in High Levels
2) HDL - High Density Lipoprotein - “Good Cholesterol” - Can Reduce Risk of Heart Disease in High Levels.

46
Q

What is a typical dietary far molecule called?

A

A Triglyceride.

47
Q

Define the composition of a triglyceride.

A

A glycerol head with three fatty acid tails.

48
Q

What part of the triglyceride contains a lot of energy?

A

The fatty acid tails.

49
Q

Define steroids.

A

Lipids that contain four fused chemical rings made primarily of carbon.

50
Q

What are anabolic steroids?

A

Synthetic variants of testosterone that mimic its effects but can cause dangerous side effects.

51
Q

What are the two main categories of fats?

A

1) Saturated Fats

2) Unsaturated Fats

52
Q

What are the characteristics of Saturated Fats?

A

1) Maximum Number of Hydrogens in the Fatty Acid Tail
2) All Single Bonds
3) Straight Shape
4) Solid at Room Temperature
5) Found Mostly in Animal Products
6) Less Healthy

53
Q

What are the characteristics of Unsaturated Fats?

A

1) Less than the max number of Hydrogens in the Fatty Acid Tail.
2) One or more double bonds
3) Bent Shape
4) Stays a Liquid at room temperature.
5) Found in higher amounts in plant products
6) Healthier

54
Q

What are the two types of unsaturated fats?

A

1) Trans fats

2) Healthy Fats

55
Q

What is a trans fat?

A

An unsaturated fat rendered a solid through hydrogenation. Contains an unnatural bond. Quite unhealthy.

56
Q

What are healthy fats?

A

Unsaturated fats like the omega-3 fatty acids.

57
Q

What is the most diverse type of biological molecules?

A

Proteins.

58
Q

How are proteins made?

A

By joining many amino acid monomers together in a long chain. The order determines the overall structure of the protein.

59
Q

What does an amino acid contain?

A

1) An Amino Group
2) A Carboxylic Acid Group
3) A Side Group

60
Q

What type of bond joins the amino acids?

A

A Peptide Bond

61
Q

How many polypeptides are in a protein?

A

One or more.

62
Q

What are the five functions of proteins?

A

1) Transport.
2) Defense
3) Structure
4) Enzymes
5) Movement

63
Q

Describe what a polypeptide looks like.

A

A folded chain into a unique three-dimension shape that looks like a blob and can form a large complex when multiple chains are joined together.

64
Q

What is the cause of Sickle Cell Disease?

A

A change in one amino acid in the blood.

65
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction without being changed itself.

66
Q

What is the target molecule of an enzyme called?

A

A substrate.

67
Q

What is the active site?

A

The place on the enzyme that fits the substrate and binds it.

68
Q

What is the activation energy?

A

The amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed.

69
Q

What are inhibitors?

A

Molecules that can bind to an enzyme and inhibit its function.

70
Q

What are the two types of inhibitors?

A

1) Competitive Inhibitors - Bind to the Active Site and Gum Up the Works.
2) Non - Competitive Inhibitors - Bind to a distant site on the enzyme and changes the shape of the active site so that no substrate can bind to it.

Biology Exam #1 (4 decks)

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