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A&P BMCC > Chapter 3 The cell > Flashcards

Chapter 3 The cell Flashcards

1
Q

Modern Cell Theory

A
  • All organisms composed of cells and cell products
  • Cell is the unit of life
  • An organism’s structure and functions are due to the activities of its cells.
  • Cells come only from preexisting cells, not from nonliving matter.
  • Cells of all species have many fundamental similarities in their chemical composition and metabolic mechanisms.
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2
Q

Cell Shapes

A

• Squamous - thin and flat with nucleus creating bulge
• Polygonal - irregularly angular shapes with 4 or more
sides
• Stellate – starlike shape
• Cuboidal – squarish and about as tall as they are wide
• Columnar - Like a column
• Spheroid to Ovoid – round to oval
• Discoid - disc-shaped
• Fusiform - thick in middle, tapered toward the ends
• Fibrous – threadlike shape

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

• fluid between the nucleus and surface
membrane

contains: organelles, cytoskeleton and cytosol

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4
Q

Resolution

A

• ability to reveal detail

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5
Q

Plasma membrane form

A
  • surrounds cell

* made of proteins and lipids

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6
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

• fluid outside of cell

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7
Q

Plasma membrane function

A
  • defines cell boundaries
  • governs interactions with other cells
  • controls passage of materials in and out of cell
  • intracellular face – side that faces cytoplasm
  • extracellular face – side that faces outward
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8
Q

Membrane Lipids

A

98% of plasma membrane are lipids
• Phospholipids
• Cholesterol
• Glycolipids

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9
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • Most of the membrane lipids are phospholipids
  • drift laterally from place to place
  • movement keeps membrane fluid
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10
Q

hydrophilic Phospholipids

A

•heads face water on each side of membrane

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11
Q

hydrophobic tails

A

• directed toward the center, avoiding water

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12
Q

Cholesterol

A

– holds phospholipids still and can stiffen membrane

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13
Q

Glycolipids

A

– phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains on extracellular face
– contributes to glycocalyx – carbohydrate coating on the cells surface

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14
Q

Membrane Proteins Form

A
  • Transmembrane proteins

* Peripheral proteins

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15
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A
  • pass through membrane
  • have hydrophilic regions in contact with cytoplasm and extracellular fluid
  • have hydrophobic regions that pass back and forth through the lipid of the membrane
  • most are glycoproteins
  • can drift about freely in phospholipid film
  • some anchored to cytoskeleton
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16
Q

Peripheral proteins

A
  • adhere to one face of the membrane

* usually tethered to the cytoskeleton

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17
Q

Membrane Proteins Function

A

• receptors, second-messenger systems,
enzymes, ion channels, carriers, cell-identity
markers, cell-adhesion molecules

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18
Q

Membrane Receptors

A

• Bind to chemical signal

(hormones such as insulin) neurotransmitter

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19
Q

Membrane Enzymes

A

• enzymes in plasma membrane carry out
final stages of starch and protein digestion
in small intestine

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20
Q

Ion Channels (Gated Channels)

A

– some constantly open
– some are gated-channels that open and close in
response to stimuli
• ligand (chemically)-regulated gates
• voltage-regulated gates
• mechanically regulated gates (stretch and pressure)

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21
Q

Membrane Carriers or Pumps

A

• Transmembrane proteins bind to glucose,
electrolytes, and other solutes
(consumes ATP)

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22
Q

Cell-Identity Markers

A

• Enables our bodies to identify which cells
belong to it and which are foreign invaders
• Glycoproteins contribute to the glycocalyx
(acts as an id tag)

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23
Q

Glycocalyx

A 
• Unique fuzzy coat external to the plasma
membrane
• Functions
- cell identification
- fertilization
- embryonic development
– transplant compatibility
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24
Q

Microvilli

A

• Extensions of membrane

increase surface area needed for absorption

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25
Q

Cilia

A
  • nonmotile primary cilium

* Motile cilia

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26
Q

Motile cilia

A

• sweep substances across surface in same direction

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27
Q

Flagella

A
  • tail of the sperm - only functional flagellum
  • allows the sperm to fertilize the egg
  • movement is more undulating, snakelike movement is snakelike
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28
Q

Membrane Transport

A
  • plasma membrane
  • passive transport mechanisms
  • active transport mechanisms
  • carrier-mediated mechanisms
29
Q

plasma membrane

A

• a barrier and a gateway between the

cytoplasm and ECF

30
Q

passive transport mechanisms

A
  • requires no ATP

* filtration, diffusion, osmosis

31
Q

active transport mechanisms

A
  • consumes ATP

* active transport and vesicular transport

32
Q

carrier-mediated mechanisms

A
  • can move substances from one side to another in use of a protein
  • sometimes uses atp sometimes no atp is needed
33
Q

Filtration

A

• process in which particles are driven through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure (force exerted on a membrane by water)

34
Q

Simple Diffusion

A
  • no ATP required

* the net movement of particles from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

35
Q

Diffusion Rates

A

– temperature - ­⬆ temp ­⬆ ­ motion of particles
– molecular weight - larger molecules move slower
– steepness of concentrated gradient - ­⬆ ­difference, ­ rate­⬆
– membrane surface area - ­­⬆ area,­⬆ ­ rate
– membrane permeability - ­ ­⬆ permeability, ­­⬆rate

36
Q

Membrane Permeability

A
  • Diffusion through lipid bilayer (small substances)
  • Diffusion through channel proteins (water)
  • Cells control permeability
37
Q

Osmosis

A

• movement of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other

38
Q

Aquaporins

A

• channel proteins specialized for passage of water

effects tonicicty

39
Q

Tonicity

A
  • Tonicity - ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell
  • Hypotonic solution- has a lower concentration of non permeating solutes than intracellular fluid
  • Hypertonic solution- has a higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes
  • Isotonic solution – no changes in cell volume or cell shape cause the concentration is the same
40
Q

Carrier-Mediated Transport

A

• Transport proteins in the plasma membrane that carry
solutes from one side of the membrane to the other
• solute binds to a specific receptor site on carrier protein

41
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

• move high to low
• carrier-mediated transport (carries protein) of solute through a membrane down the concentration gradient
no atp

42
Q

active transport

A

• sodium-potassium pump keeps K+ concentration
higher inside the cell
• requires ATP
• from low to high

43
Q

Uniport

A

• carries only one solute at a time

44
Q

Symport

A

• carries 2 or more solutes simultaneously in same direction

45
Q

Antiport

A
  • carries 2 or more solutes in opposite directions

* (e.x) sodium-potassium pump brings in K+ and removes Na+ from cell

46
Q

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A
  • each pump cycle consumes one ATP and exchanges three Na+ for two K+
  • keeps the K+ concentration higher and the Na+ concentration lower with in the cell than in ECF
  • necessary because Na+ and K+ constantly leak through membrane
47
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

•processes that move large particles, fluid droplets, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane in
vesicles – bubblelike enclosures of membrane
• motor proteins consumes ATP

48
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • vesicular processes that bring material into the cell
  • phagocytosis-– “cell eating” - engulfing large particles
  • pinocytosis – “cell drinking” taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules useful in the cell
  • receptor-mediated endocytosis – particles bind to receptors on plasma membrane (surface)
49
Q

Exocytosis

A

• discharging material from the cell

50
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • collection of protein filaments

* microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

51
Q

Inclusions

A

• stored cellular components and fat droplets

52
Q

Nucleus

A
  • anuclear - RBC no nucleus

* multinucleate- more than one nucleus

53
Q

nuclear envelope

A

• phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the nucleus

54
Q

nuclear pores

A

• formed by rings of protein

55
Q

nucleoplasm

A

• material in nucleus
• chromatin- (thread-like matter) composed of DNA and protein
• nucleoli-one or more dark masses where ribosomes are
produced

56
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

• Produce phospholipds
• detoxification of alcohol other drugs
(in liver)

57
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

• Produce protein

58
Q

Ribosomes

A

• made up of protein and RNA

Function
• read messenger RNA and make proteins from it

59
Q

Golgi complex

A
  • modification of protein

* carbohydrates synthesis

60
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • vesicles that have enzymes

* digest protein (destroy things)

61
Q

autophagy (self eating)

A

• digest and dispose of worn out organelles

62
Q

autolysis (self suicide)

A

• some cells are meant to do a
certain job and then destroy themselves
• webbing of the fingers

63
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • main function to detoxify all compounds

* breakdown fatty acids

64
Q

Mitochondrion

A

• to produce ATP

65
Q

Centrioles

A

• are envoled in the process of cell division (mitosis)

66
Q

microfilaments (small)

A
  • made of protein actin
  • keeps the shape
  • envovled in transport of orgenelle
  • plays a role in cell division
67
Q

intermediate fibers (medium)

A
  • thicker and stiffer than microfilaments
  • keeps the shape
  • envovled in transport of orgenelle
  • plays a role in cell division
68
Q

microtubules (large)

A 
• cylinders made of 13 parallel strands called
protofilaments
• keeps the shape
• envovled in transport of orgenelle
• plays a role in cell division
69
Q

Inclusions

A
  • Stored material no membrane (fat droplets) (pollen)
  • Foreign bodies (viruses)
  • non essential

A&P BMCC (3 decks)

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