Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
The study of form (structure)
Medical imaging
Viewing the inside of the body without surgery
Gross anatomy
Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye
Cytology
The study and functions of cells
Histology
Study of tissue with microscope
Ultra structure
Cells can only be seen with an electron microscope (ultra magnification)
Histopathology
The study of change in tissue due to diseases
Physiology
The study of function
Asks how does it work?
Neurophysiology
Physiology of the nervous system
Endocrinology
Physiology of hormones and glands
Pathophysiology
Mechanisms of disease
Comparative physiology
- Study of different species to learn about bodily functions
* Main basis for development of new drugs and procedures
Sub-disciplines of physiology
Neurophysiology
Endocrinology
Pathophysiology
Comparative Physiology
Scientific fact
Information that can be independently be independently verified by a trained person
Law of nature
Generalization about the predictable way matter and energy behave
(Gravity)
It will always behave this way
Theory
- An explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, confirmed by hypotheses
- summarizes what we know
Evolution
Change in genetic composition of organisms
Remember the island of birds
Natural Selection
Some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors
-disease resistance
Selection pressure
Natural forces that promote reproductive success of some individuals more than others
Adaptations
Features of an organism anatomy, physiology that have evolved in response to the selection pressure which enable the organism to cope with the challenges of the environment
Hierarchy of complexity
- Organism- a single complete individual
- Organ system- human body made of 11 organ systems
- Organ- structure composed of 2 or more tissue types working together to preform the same goal
- Tissue- a mass of similar cells that form discrete region of an organ and preforms a specific function
- Cells- Basic unit of life
- Organelle-microscopic structures in a cell that carries individual functions (Nucleus)
- Molecule- make up organelles-macromolecules- proteins,carbs and fats
Atoms- the smallest particles with unique chemical identities
Anatomical variation
No 2 humans are exactly alike
70% most common structure
30% anatomically variant
Characteristics of Life
- Organization
- Cellular composition
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness and movement
- Homeostasis
- Development
- Reproduction
- Evolution
Metabolism
- Anabolism-build up reaction
- Catabolism- break down reaction (proteins from food)
Excretion- getting rid of waste (reaction)
Responsiveness and movement
Stimuli
Development
Differentiation and growth
Child->adult
Evolution
Mutations
Physiological Variation
Sex Age Diet Weight Physical activity All variations
Hemeostasis
The body’s ability to detect change and activate mechanisms to oppose it to maintain a balance
Negative feedback loop
Body sense a change and activated mechanisms to reverse it
I.e- sweating and shivering
Negative feedback control of blood pressure
- Sitting up in bed causes a drop in bp in the head and upper thorax
- Baroreceptors in the arteries near the heart alert the cardiac center in the brain stem
- Cardiac center sends nerve signals that increase the heart rate and return the bp to normal
Failure to do this may cause dizziness
3 components of a feedback loop
- Receptors- sense change in the body
- integrating control center (brain)-control center that makes a decision and directs the response
- Effector (has an effect)- carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis
Positive feedback loop
Takes you away from homeostasis momentarily to accomplish a goal
Review of major themes
- Cell theory- all structures and function result from the activity of cells
- homeostasis- the purpose of most normal physiology is to maintain stable conditions within the body
- Evolution- the human body is a product of evolution
- Hierarchy of structure- human structure can be viewed as a series of levels of complexity
- Unity of form and function (A&P)-Form and function that completely each other
Medical imaging
*Xrays (radiography)-penetrate tissues to darken photographic film beneath the body
*Computed tomography (CT) was a called cat scan
Low intensity x-rays-slice type image
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)- slice type image-superior quality to CT-alignment and realignment of hydrogen atoms with magnetic field and radio waves
- Sonography (sounds waves)-most widely used-high frequency sound waves echo back from thermal organs-avoids harmful x-rays, not sharp image
Principle of complementarity
The “complimentary of structure and function” refers to the fact that each anatomical structure contains a particular size, shape and location, which enables it to perform unique and specific functions. The function is determined by structure, so the function and structure are complementary like two sides of a coin.
Example of positive feed back loop
Head of fetus pushes against cervix
Nerve impulses from cervix to brain
Brain stimulates pituitary glands to secrete oxytocin
Oxytocin stimulates uterine contraction and pushes fetus towards cervix
