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A&P BMCC > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of form (structure)

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2
Q

Medical imaging

A

Viewing the inside of the body without surgery

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3
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

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4
Q

Cytology

A

The study and functions of cells

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5
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissue with microscope

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6
Q

Ultra structure

A

Cells can only be seen with an electron microscope (ultra magnification)

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7
Q

Histopathology

A

The study of change in tissue due to diseases

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8
Q

Physiology

A

The study of function

Asks how does it work?

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9
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Physiology of the nervous system

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10
Q

Endocrinology

A

Physiology of hormones and glands

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11
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Mechanisms of disease

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12
Q

Comparative physiology

A
  • Study of different species to learn about bodily functions

* Main basis for development of new drugs and procedures

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13
Q

Sub-disciplines of physiology

A

Neurophysiology
Endocrinology
Pathophysiology
Comparative Physiology

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14
Q

Scientific fact

A

Information that can be independently be independently verified by a trained person

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15
Q

Law of nature

A

Generalization about the predictable way matter and energy behave
(Gravity)
It will always behave this way

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16
Q

Theory

A
  • An explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, confirmed by hypotheses
  • summarizes what we know
17
Q

Evolution

A

Change in genetic composition of organisms

Remember the island of birds

18
Q

Natural Selection

A

Some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors
-disease resistance

19
Q

Selection pressure

A

Natural forces that promote reproductive success of some individuals more than others

20
Q

Adaptations

A

Features of an organism anatomy, physiology that have evolved in response to the selection pressure which enable the organism to cope with the challenges of the environment

21
Q

Hierarchy of complexity

A
  • Organism- a single complete individual
  • Organ system- human body made of 11 organ systems
  • Organ- structure composed of 2 or more tissue types working together to preform the same goal
  • Tissue- a mass of similar cells that form discrete region of an organ and preforms a specific function
  • Cells- Basic unit of life
  • Organelle-microscopic structures in a cell that carries individual functions (Nucleus)
  • Molecule- make up organelles-macromolecules- proteins,carbs and fats

Atoms- the smallest particles with unique chemical identities

22
Q

Anatomical variation

A

No 2 humans are exactly alike
70% most common structure
30% anatomically variant

23
Q

Characteristics of Life

A
  • Organization
  • Cellular composition
  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness and movement
  • Homeostasis
  • Development
  • Reproduction
  • Evolution
24
Q

Metabolism

A
  • Anabolism-build up reaction
  • Catabolism- break down reaction (proteins from food)

Excretion- getting rid of waste (reaction)

25
Q

Responsiveness and movement

A

Stimuli

26
Q

Development

A

Differentiation and growth

Child->adult

27
Q

Evolution

A

Mutations

28
Q

Physiological Variation

A 
Sex
Age
Diet
Weight
Physical activity
All variations
29
Q

Hemeostasis

A

The body’s ability to detect change and activate mechanisms to oppose it to maintain a balance

30
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Body sense a change and activated mechanisms to reverse it

I.e- sweating and shivering

31
Q

Negative feedback control of blood pressure

A
  • Sitting up in bed causes a drop in bp in the head and upper thorax
  • Baroreceptors in the arteries near the heart alert the cardiac center in the brain stem
  • Cardiac center sends nerve signals that increase the heart rate and return the bp to normal

Failure to do this may cause dizziness

32
Q

3 components of a feedback loop

A
  • Receptors- sense change in the body
  • integrating control center (brain)-control center that makes a decision and directs the response
  • Effector (has an effect)- carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis
33
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

Takes you away from homeostasis momentarily to accomplish a goal

34
Q

Review of major themes

A
  • Cell theory- all structures and function result from the activity of cells
  • homeostasis- the purpose of most normal physiology is to maintain stable conditions within the body
  • Evolution- the human body is a product of evolution
  • Hierarchy of structure- human structure can be viewed as a series of levels of complexity
  • Unity of form and function (A&P)-Form and function that completely each other
35
Q

Medical imaging

A

*Xrays (radiography)-penetrate tissues to darken photographic film beneath the body

*Computed tomography (CT) was a called cat scan
Low intensity x-rays-slice type image

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)- slice type image-superior quality to CT-alignment and realignment of hydrogen atoms with magnetic field and radio waves
  • Sonography (sounds waves)-most widely used-high frequency sound waves echo back from thermal organs-avoids harmful x-rays, not sharp image
36
Q

Principle of complementarity

A

The “complimentary of structure and function” refers to the fact that each anatomical structure contains a particular size, shape and location, which enables it to perform unique and specific functions. The function is determined by structure, so the function and structure are complementary like two sides of a coin.

37
Q

Example of positive feed back loop

A

Head of fetus pushes against cervix

Nerve impulses from cervix to brain

Brain stimulates pituitary glands to secrete oxytocin

Oxytocin stimulates uterine contraction and pushes fetus towards cervix

A&P BMCC (3 decks)

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