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Mass media > Chapter 3: The Business of Media > Flashcards

Chapter 3: The Business of Media Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key points of Demographic indicators?

A

Age,sex,income, and ethnicity are examples of Demographic indicators

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2
Q

What are demographics?

A

Demographics are social categories that people frequently get divided into. Others include race and occupation.

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3
Q

A front-page story about a man who bit a dog yesterday afternoon is most likely what kind of news story?

A

Hard News

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4
Q

What category does hard news fall on?

A

It falls under the category of unusualness.

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5
Q

An ad that tries to create an image that a new soft drink is “Not your parent soda” belongs to what subgenre of advertisements

A

Soft sell

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6
Q

What are soft intended to do?

A

Soft sell ads are more about creating good felling about a product with their intended audiences/

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7
Q

What is vertical integration?

A

Vertical integration refers to ownership of all three within one medium,such as film or television.

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8
Q

One company controlling the production,distribution, and exhibition aspects for one medium refers to ?

A

Vertical integration

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9
Q

R&D stands for?

A

Research and development

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10
Q

How many people are in a focus group?

A

There are usually 8 to 10 people in a focus group

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11
Q

What is shelf space?

A

Shelf space is a concept used during the exhibition phase of mass media content.

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12
Q

A subgenre of news that concentrates on an individual’s or an organisation’s point of view is

A

An editorial

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13
Q

What is hybrid?

A

Some media texts. are hybrid genres, which means they share the conventions of more than one genre.

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14
Q

Note: make sure to know the demographic indicators

A

factors such as age, gender, occupation, ethnicity, race, and income

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15
Q

In a media production firm, a worker who has secured a full-time position at a production firm is know as an?

A

On-staff worker

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16
Q

What does IPO stands for?

A

In media financing, IPO stands for initial public offering

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17
Q

“If anyone said we were were the radio business, it wouldn’t be someone from our company. We’re not in the business of providing news and information. We’re not in the business of providing well-researched music. We’re simply in the business of selling our customers’s products”

A

Lowry Mays, Former Clear Channel CEO

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18
Q

Media industries tend to regard people as?

A

Consumers

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19
Q

The focus on specific audiences segments is called?

A

Targeting

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20
Q

Demographic indicators include?

A

factors such as age, gender, occupation, ethnicity, race, and income

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21
Q

Psychographic categories include?

A

or by categorizing people on the basis of their attitudes,
personality types, or motivations

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22
Q

How do media industries risk by?

A

Producing media materials aimed at audiences targets

Hiring creators with successful track records.

Conducting production research

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23
Q

Media industries do what?

A

Construct their audiences.

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24
Q

What is the entertainment formula?

A

Setting
Typical characters
Patterns of action

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25
Q

What do entertainment formulas usually includes?

A

Patterns of actions

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26
Q

Entertainment formulas do in a long time?

A

Evolve over time

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27
Q

What is a good example of a dramedy ?

A

Orange is the New Black

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28
Q

The big difference between hard news and investigative reporting is that?

A

Investigative journalist can devote more time to their projects.

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29
Q

An Objective news story is typically characterised by?

A

The inverted pyramid structure

Being told in the third person

The use of quotes from experts

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30
Q

The big difference between news and information is that?

A

Information is like raw material

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31
Q

Product placement is what?

A

Is the paid insertion of products into TV shows and movies.

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32
Q

In Mass media industries, distribution is what?

A

Is the link between production and exhibition

can mean the difference between a media prodcut’s success of failure

can help secure shelf space

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33
Q

In Mass media industries, the term format describes

A

The rules that guide a flow of products

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34
Q

Vertical integration?

A

Is the outcome of consolidation production,distribution, and exhibition.

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35
Q

Consumers are prohibited from reselling computer software by

A

license agreements

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36
Q

In a dispute over media content, a media-literate person has the option of pressuring

A

producers
exhibition
advertisers

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37
Q

Mass media content does what?

A

Moves through a complex process of production,distribution, and exhibition.

Must meet the requirements of investors,advertisers, and targeted audiences.
Is influenced by various kinds of audiences research conduct by media industries.

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38
Q

Advertising revenues?

A

Are common ways that companies generate revenue for already completed media products.

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39
Q

Media firms determine what content will attract their desired audiences based on?

A

The content creator track record
Surveys
Focus groups

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40
Q

What do Psychographics attempt to do what?

A

Physchographics attempt to get into people’s motivations.

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41
Q

A story about which celebrity wore which designer dress on the red carpet of an award of an awards show is an example of?

A

Soft news

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42
Q

Production in media industries is a?

A

Collaborative activity

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43
Q

A toy company paying Warner bros. To manufacture a harry potter toys usually pays a

A

license fee

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44
Q

A student’s purchase of this textbook is an example of

A

Direct sales

he student gets to keep the textbook. If the student had rented the book, she would have to give it back after a certain time period had passed.

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45
Q

Lifestyle categories

A

Involve activities that mark potential audiences as different from other audiences

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46
Q

A focus group?

A

Is an assemblage of eight to 10 carefully chosen people who are asked to discuss their habits and options about one or more topics.

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47
Q

Hybrid genres?

A

they are mixed genres.

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48
Q

hard news contain elements of what?

A

conflict

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49
Q

Accuracy in mass media means what?

A

Reporting factually correct information.

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50
Q

What has the development of technology has done?

A

The development of digital technology has made deadlines more important in the journalism profession.

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51
Q

What are editiorals?

A

Editorials are expressions of opinion.

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52
Q

What does the education genre includes.

A

It includes materials in addition to textbooks.

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53
Q

What do hard-sells ad do?

A

Hard-sell ads combine information with an intense attempt to get the consumer to purchase he product as soon as possible

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54
Q

What is exhibition?

A

Is the activity of presenting mass media materials to audiences for viewing or purchase.

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55
Q

What are trade incentives?

A

Trade incentives have a deep impact in the book industry.

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56
Q

What do investment banks do?

A

Investment banks sometimes organise syndicates to share the risk and rewards of lending money to media industries.

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57
Q

What are venture capitalist?

A

Venture capitalists are individuals or companies that invest is that invest i startup or nonpublic firms in the hope that the firms value will increase over time.

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58
Q

What is one platform that pays for media?

A

Money to pay for already completed media products comes from a variety of sources, including advertising.

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59
Q

Media literacy in This chapter?

A

An understanding of how media products are distributed adds more to a person media literacy.

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60
Q

What do database do?

A

Database companies sell information about audiences

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61
Q

What has close many record stores?

A

A shift in the way that consumers acquire recorded music has resulted in the closing of may record stores.

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62
Q

What do media industries disregard?

A

Education is a largely profitable genre that media industries generally disregard.

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63
Q

What is Entertainment media?

A

Entertainment media has a real educational or political point.

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64
Q

What do media practitioners do?

A

Media practitioners who work in the fields of entertainment, information, and education explore the value of hybrid n order to attract and hold audiences.

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65
Q

Who wrote the quote, “ “If anyone said we were in the radio business, it wouldn’t be someone from our company.
We’re not in the business of providing news and information. We’re not in the business of
providing well-researched music. We’re simply in the business of selling our customers’
products.”

A

LOWRY MAYS, FORMER CLEAR CHANNEL CEO

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66
Q

What did 2011 communications industry forecast said?

A

In its 2011 Communications Industry Forecast, consulting firm Veronis Suhler
Stevenson (VSS) estimated that 2010 spending on media in the United States
by companies and individuals was a bit over one trillion dollars

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67
Q

How much do presenting the revenues of the 5 biggest media firms?

A

As the table notes, these five companies alone
brought in almost $119 billion in 2010

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68
Q

What are audiences?

A

The people to whom a media product is directed.

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69
Q

What are media practitioners?

A

The people who select or create the material that a mass media firm
produces, distributes, or exhibits

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70
Q

What are the questions of Media practitioners?

A
  1. How should we think about our audience? How should we define our
    audience?
  2. Will the material we are thinking of creating, distributing, or
    exhibiting to attract that audience generate adequate revenues?
  3. Were the people we thought would be attracted to our products in
    fact attracted to our products? Why or why not?
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71
Q

What were the names of the media companies?

A

1 Comcast Corp Philadelphia, PA 44.9
2 DirecTV El Segundo, CA 22.3
3 Walt Disney Co. Burbank, CA 21.5
4 Time Warner New York, NY 19.9
5 Time Warner Cable

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72
Q

What did the car manufacture care about kaya?

A

The car manufacturer does care about her age,
her gender, her income, and the kind of car she presently owns because it
believes this information predicts the likelihood that she will buy its brand.

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73
Q

Why do media company care about advertisers?

A

They get revenue from the advertisers.

First, they have to
create content that will attract audiences. Second, recognizing the importance
of convergence, they have to place the content, or content like it, on a variety
of media—the printed magazine, the magazine’s website, S&B apps for tablets
and smartphones, Facebook pages, Twitter feeds, Instagram photos, and even
brochures for fashion shows that S&B puts on in malls. Third, the S&B
executives also must make sure that the content and the audience it brings in
will be attractive to advertisers on one or several of these media so that
money flows to S&B instead of to its competitors.

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74
Q

What is adequate revenue?

A

enough cash to allow the enterprise to pay for itself and give the owners
or bankers who put up the money the desired return on their investment

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75
Q

What doe media executives sometimes do to change the audiences that are targeted?

A

They first ask which audiences advertisers want to reach and then look for
ways to attract those audiences.

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76
Q

What doe executives do to reduce the risk and research.

A

Through demographics, psychographics, and lifestyle categories.

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77
Q

What is demographics?

A

one of the simplest and most common ways
to construct an audience—refers to characteristics by which people are divided
into particular social categories. Media executives focus on those
characteristics, or factors, that they believe are most relevant to understanding
how and why people use their medium

ex: Age, gender, income, occupation, ethnicity, and race.

78
Q

What are demographic indicators?

A

factors such as age, gender, occupation, ethnicity, race, and income

79
Q

What psychographics?

A

Media organizations also differentiate groups by
psychographics, or by categorizing people on the basis of their attitudes,
personality types, or motivations.

80
Q

What are lifestyle categories?

A

By finding activities in which potential audiences are
involved that mark them as different from others in the audience or in the
population at large

81
Q

What are some questions of the cbs?

A

For another, you have to have a strong grasp of the kinds
of materials that may be available to meet audience interests at different times
of the day. What will grab people’s attention? Who can create it? How much
will it cost? And (here comes convergence again!) can you make money on the
shows beyond the traditional CBS over-the-air network—for example, by
getting advertisers to sponsor older programs on their cable systems or by
charging individuals to access the programs on their tablets? How do you
even begin to determine whether the ideas that potential creators pitch to you
will succeed on these and other platforms?

82
Q

What is a track record?

A

To lower their risk, they may choose
creators with a good track record—that is, a history of success. They also may
choose to produce material that is similar to other material that has recently
been successful

83
Q

What is research and development( R&D)?

A

departments within companies that explore new ideas and generate new
products and services, systematically investigating potential sources of
revenue through surveys, focus groups, or the analysis of existing data

84
Q

What is a survey? What is focus group? what is analysis of existing data?

A

Survey: is asking questions trought a phone, internet or a person.

Focus group: is an assemblage of 8 to 10 carefully chosen people who are asked to
discuss their habits and opinions about one or more topics.

analysis of existing data, involves systematic investigation of the
potential audience for certain kinds of content (who they are, where they are,
how much they like the idea, how much they will pay for it) and of the
competitors (who they are, how similar their products are, how powerful they
are).

85
Q

How do you measure success to targeted audiences?

A

In cases in which sales are not involved,
such as with radio, broadcast television, and the web, ratings companies
conduct regular surveys to count audiences to help executives determine how
many people watched particular programs

86
Q

Is analysing what went right or wrong scientific?

A

No it is not always scientific.

87
Q

What are major categories of media content are called ?

A

Major categories of media content are called genres—
categories of artistic composition, as in music or literature, marked by a
distinctive style, form, or content.

88
Q

What are the primary genres that media practitioners use?

A

The primary genres that media practitioners
discuss are entertainment, news, information, education, and advertising.

89
Q

What is Entertainment?

A

The word “entertainment” derives from the Latin tenere, which means “to
hold or keep steady, busy, or amused.”

90
Q

Do entertainment converge with other genres.

A

However,
this doesn’t mean that people who work in the entertainment business always
stay away from informing or persuading. Many movies that are categorized
under “entertainment” by their production firms have been written and
produced with the intention of making a political point (

91
Q

What are submergence of entertainment?

A

four subgenres—festivals, gaming, drama, and comedy

92
Q

What are the genre subgener categories as shown on figure 3.3 on the page of 174.

A

They are genre, subgenere, second-level subgener, third-level subgener, fourht -level subegener

93
Q

Why is the latino market boom important?

A

one-sixth of the U.S. population. They can have economic impacts on mass media.

94
Q

What is entertainment formulas. And what are the 3 features?

A

a formula—a patterned approach to creating
content that is characterized by three major features:
Setting
Typical characters
Patterns of action

95
Q

What is setting?

A

The setting is the environment in which content takes place.

96
Q

What are typical characters?

A

The typical characters are those who appear regularly in the subgenre

97
Q

What are patterns of action?

A

The patterns of action are the predictable activities associated with the
characters in the settings

98
Q

Do formulas change?

A

The formulas can do and change. They can borrow plots and characters. Basic elements will maintain popular, reshape elements to fit the audiences. They can borrow from 2,000s to current time.

99
Q

What are the term hybridity?

A

Hybridity is mixing culture and across cultures. TaYlor swiff, pop culture and normal culture.

100
Q

Hybrid genres

A

mixing culture and across cultures. For swiff, pop culture and normal culture.

101
Q

Do mix subgeneres and generes ?

A

Rules associated with drama and serious and comedy.(Dramedy)

102
Q

What is dramedy?

A

Mixes dram (serious) with comedy(funny)

103
Q

What are reporters, directors, editors, producers, and other who wok in news business are called what ?

A

Journalist

104
Q

What are subgeneres of news?

A

News stories tell an informative stories.

Hard news
investigative reports
Editorials
Soft news

105
Q

What is hard news?

A

a news story marked by timeliness, unusualness, conflict, and closeness

106
Q

Describe what is hard news.

A

Timeliness: A hard news event must have happened recently typically withing the past day or so.

Uselessness: Hard news even that are consider usual. Man bites dog.
conflict: Struggles between opposing forces.
Closeness of the incident: An event that is closer may be seem as more hard news that happened far away. It can be geographically or psychologically close. Like mexico.

107
Q

What is objectivity?

A

presenting a fair, balanced, and impartial representation of the events
that took place by recounting a news event based on the facts and
without interpretation, so that anyone else who witnessed the event
would agree with the journalists’ recounting of it; the way in which the
news ought to be researched, organised, and presented.

108
Q

What are the requirements for an objectivity story(rules)?

A

It should be written in a form that journalists call an inverted pyramid
(see Figure 3.4). This means that the reporter should place in the first
paragraph (the lead paragraph) a concise recounting of the entire
story. In the paragraphs that follow, the reporter should give
increasingly specific information about the material in the lead
paragraph. An objective story should be told in the third person: that
means writing as if the journalist is a novelist telling the tale but is not
involved in it (i.e., the person doesn’t use personal pronouns such as
“I” or “me”). An objective story should report at least two sides of a
conflict. If a politician is accused of corruption, the objective report
must also note the politician’s denial of the charges.
An objective story uses quotes from those involved or from experts on
the topic to back up statements

109
Q

What is the pyramid on 185?

A

185

110
Q

What are the objectivity in Camera?

A

There should be a title on the screen telling the viewer whom the
reporter is interviewing.
The camera should film the reporter or a person being interviewed
from the height of an average person, not from the ground staring up
at the person or from above the person staring down.
The camera should give as much time to a person representing one
side of the conflict as it does to a person representing the other side.
Anything less would be considered biased

111
Q

What is accuracy?

A

Accuracy means reporting factually correct
information

112
Q

What are investigative reports? And what is the difference?

A

Investigative reports are in-depth explorations of some aspects of reality.
This news subgenre shares the same standards of objectivity, accuracy, and
fairness or balance with hard news. However, a major difference between
hard news and investigative reports is the amount of time journalists can
devote to the project. When it comes to hard news, journalists typically work
on tight schedules; their time limit (deadline) for the completion of an
assignment is often only a few hours after they begin it. In contrast,
journalists who work on investigative reports have quite a bit more time to do
their research, interview their sources, and write their script. Their deadlines
can be days or weeks from the time they begin, or even longer.

113
Q

What do investigate reports often seek?

A

Investigative reporters often seek to uncover corruption or other problems
in government or business, and the tone of the report resembles that of a
detective story

114
Q
A
115
Q

What are Editorials?

A

Opinions regarding hard news are usually reserved for editorials. Unlike hard
news and investigative reports, an editorial is a subgenre of news that
expresses an individual’s or an organization’s point of view. Some editorials
are written in the name of (and express the point of view of) the person who
wrote the piece, whereas others are written in the name of the entire news
organization—for example, the newspaper that printed the piece or the
television station that aired it.

116
Q

What are columnist?

A

people who do not work for their firm to present editorial comments.
Columnists are individuals who are paid to write editorials on a regular basis
—usually weekly, monthly, or daily. Editorials by the most famous columnists,
such as Dave Barry, Peggy Noonan, and Anna Quindlen, are carried by many
news outlets across the United States and even around the world.

117
Q

Who were 3 famous columnist?

A

as Dave Barry, Peggy Noonan, and Anna Quindlen,

118
Q

What are blogs?

A

or on blogs, online sites written in the style of journal entries, often in reverse
chronological order. A well-known example is the Huffington Post group of
political opinion blogs. They include regular columns by Arianna Huffington,
talk show host Tavis Smiley, and Fox program host Greta Van Susteren, as
well as opinion pieces from a wide spectrum of celebrities and non-celebrities
from different fields.

119
Q

What are soft news?

A

soft news, to be an area
in which the reporter’s opinions and biases can show through. As you may be
able to tell by its name, soft news (also known as the human interest story) is
the kind of tale news workers feel may not have the critical importance of
hard news but nevertheless would appeal to a substantial number of people in
the audience

120
Q

What is information?

A

One way to understand the difference between news and information—a
difficult distinction to draw for some—is to say that information is the raw
material that journalists use when they create news stories. On the most basic
level, a piece of information is a fact, an item that reveals something about the
world. Generally, we must bring together many pieces of information in order
to draw conclusions about a person, place, thing, or incident

121
Q

What is Information Gathering and Distributing? Example

A

One major segment of the
information industry aims to help businesses find, evaluate, and understand
their current customers. For example, Trans Union Credit Information
Company and Equifax hold collections of information about the income and
debts of hundreds of millions of people worldwide. These firms are in the
business of selling selected segments of that information to banks, insurance
companies, and other organizations that are interested in the creditworthiness
of particular individuals.
Information activities affect you directly when you are approved (or turned
down) for a loan or a credit card. This part of the information business also
provides lists of names to the marketers who send you postal mail or e-mail—
or phone you (often in the middle of dinner)—with “great” offers. Catalog
companies often rely on information companies to help them find new
customers too.

122
Q

What is Information Research and Retrieval?

A

Another major segment of the
information industry focuses on providing quick retrieval of data for people
whose work requires them to get facts quickly. LexisNexis,enables journalists,
professors, and students—in fact, researchers of all kinds—to search for and
retrieve virtually any fact in more than 2.5 billion searchable documents.
Lexis, a sister service, enables attorneys and paralegals to find, analyze, and
validate information from countless legal documents by, work efficiently

123
Q

What is education?

A

When it comes to genres of media, education means content that is
purposefully crafted to teach people specific ideas about the world in specific
ways. Education is a large segment of the media marketplace. In fact,
spending for “instructional materials” by elementary and high schools reached
$11.8 billion for the 2013–2014 school year.
1 Much of this money was spent on
textbooks, the medium that most of us conjure up when we think of
instructional materials for schools. Spending for college textbooks is high, as
you undoubt

124
Q

What is advertising

A

A traditional definition of an advertisement is that it is a message that
explicitly aims to direct favorable attention to certain goods and services. The
message may have a commercial purpose or be aimed at advancing a
noncommercial cause, such as the election of a political candidate or the
promotion of a fundraising event

125
Q

What is product placement?

A

A broad definition
of advertising even includes product placement, which is the paid insertion
of products into TV shows and movies in order to associate those products,
often quietly, with certain desirable characters or activities.

126
Q

what are the Subgenres of Advertisements ?

A

Informational ads
Hard-sell ads
Soft-sell ads

127
Q

Informational Advertisements

A

Informational ads rely primarily on a recitation of facts about a product and
the product’s features to convince target consumers that it is the right product
for them to purchase. An advertisement in Sound & Vision magazine that
carefully details the specifications and capabilities of a set of Bose speakers
would be informational in nature. Similarly, a television announcement aired
during PBS’s This Old House noting the program’s support by Home Depot is
another example of an informational ad.

128
Q

what is Hard-Sell Advertisements
?

A

ard-sell ads are messages that combine information about the product with
intense attempts to get the consumer to purchase it as soon as possible. For
example, a TV commercial in which a car salesman speaks a mile a minute
about the glories of his dealership, shouts about a two-day-only sale, and
recites the address of the dealership four times before the spot ends is a hardsell ad

129
Q

what are soft-sell Advertisement?

A

Soft-sell ads aim mostly to create good feelings about the product or service
by associating it with music, personalities, or events that the creators of that
product or service feel would appeal to the target audience. Television
commercials for a wide variety of products, including soft drinks, beer, and
athletic footwear, are soft-sell ads. Remember the “Got Milk?” ads for milk
producers, the Clydesdale horse commercials for Budweiser, or the “Mac
versus PC” ads for Apple? These are classic examples of ads that aim to create
a “hip” feeling about a product that will lead consumers to want to be
identified with it.

130
Q

What is hibridity in advertisement?

A

hybridity involving advertising and entertainment—and
other content genres—is becoming increasingly common

131
Q

All mass media organizations also must be concerned with five other primary
business activities:

A

Production
Distribution
Exhibition
Audience research
Finance

132
Q

What is production?

A

Production is the beginning of the chain of events that brings mass media
content to audiences. Production for the mass media means the creation of
materials for distribution through one or more mass media vehicles.

133
Q

What is a media production firms?

A

A mass media production firm is a company that creates materials for
distribution through one or more mass media vehicles. The Washington Post
Company, which publishes the Washington Post, is a production company. So
is Routledge, the publisher of this book, and its parent company, Informa. So
are Time Inc. magazine company (a division of Time Warner), which creates
Time magazine; Comcast’s NBC Universal, which pro

134
Q

Who does the work for media?

A

he making of all these media products requires both
administrative personnel and creative personnel. Administrative personnel
make sure the business side of the media organization is humming along.
They must thoroughly understand that the media business they are in and
their daily jobs—in, for example, accounting, law, marketing—have much to
do with the success of the organizations for which they work. Their work does
not, however, relate directly to the creation of their firm’s media materials.
Creative personnel do that. They are the individuals who get initial ideas for
the material or use their artistic talent to put the material togeth

135
Q

What is an on-staff worker?

A

An on-staff worker has secured a
full-time position at a production firm. For example, most, though not all, art
directors in advertising agencies are on-staff workers. They work for the same
agency all the time; the projects they work on may change, but the company
that issues their paycheck remains the same.

136
Q

What are freelancers?

A

Freelancers, on the other hand,
are workers who make a living by accepting and completing assignments for a
number of different companies—sometimes several at one time. Most movie
actors work as freelancers, for example; when they finish one film, they look
for work on another film, which may be made by a different company.

137
Q

What is a talent guild?

A

Freelancers, from actors, to book editors, ghost
writers, and cinematographers, have reported that production companies have
used this power to “borrow” innovative ideas discussed in job interviews,
force them to work unusually long hours, and withhold their due credits when
the assignment is completed.
To establish a power of their own, many freelance creatives have banded
together to create talent guilds. A talent guild is a union formed by people
who work in a particular craft; consider, for example, the Writers Guild of
America, the Screen Actors Guild, and the Directors Guild of America. These
guilds negotiate rules with major production firms in their industries
regarding the ways in which freelance creatives will be treated and paid.

138
Q

What do high profile characters are made up?

A

In an
effort to manage their risks, movie companies typically will not allow high-
budget movies to be made unless a high-profile actor (such as Matt Damon or
Robert Downey Jr.) signs on

imilarly, book publishing firms have been known to pay popular writers
quite a lot for the rights to their next work. In 2006, various firms agreed to
pay $7 million for books to Warren Buffett’s ghostwriter, more than $8 million
to former U.S. Federal Reserve head Alan Greenspan, and over $10 million to
evangelist Joel Osteen.

139
Q

Scholarly book production are made from what?

A

author
book designer
copy editor
acquisitions editor
developmental editor

139
Q

Feature film production are mad from what?

A

Well known actor
actors agent
actors manager
executive producer
screen-writers
supporting actors
casting director
set designer
film director
cinematographer
film editor

140
Q

What is autorship?

A

The personal vision of an actor, novelist,
or scholar can sometimes make it to the screen or the page. Inserting such a
personal vision into a work is called authorship

141
Q

What is collaborative activity?

A

Generally, however,
production in media industries is a collaborative activity, in which many
people work together to initiate, create, and polish the end material.

142
Q

Scholarly

A

Compare the production of a scholarly book with that of a typical
commercial movie starring a well-known actor (see Figure 3.7). In addition to
the writer, a scholarly book requires an acquisitions editor, who finds the
author and might help with the initial plan for the work; a few readers
(usually other scholars or development editors) who suggest ways in which
the writer can improve the book; a copy editor, who helps with the
manuscript’s style; and design personnel, who craft the look of the book and
perhaps its jacket

143
Q

Film parts explained?

A

rhaps its jacket.
Now consider the film. The well-known actor is chosen by an executive
producer or studio head, with the assistance of the actor’s business
representatives. In addition, the film will need screenwriters to write and
rewrite the script; other actors to work with the star; a casting director with
assistants to choose the other actors; a set designer and assistants to plan the
backdrops; a director and assistants to organize the filming; a
cinematographer and assistants to photograph the scenes; an editor and
assistants to put the scenes together into a finished movie; and many more
collaborators. Although individual authorship of the scholarly book may be
fairly clear, the same cannot be said of the movie. Because so many people are
involved on the creative side, it is often very difficult to argue that the final
version of a Hollywood film is one person’s vision.

144
Q

Is true or false all products from one company?

A

no false

145
Q

What is schedule?

A

The pattern in which the programs are arranged and presented to the
audience

146
Q

What is a format?

A

In mass media industries, “format” is the term commonly used to describe
the rules that guide this flow. A format is the patterned choice and
arrangement of elements that make up specific media material. The material
may be a flow of programs, such as ABC’s schedule, or it may be an
arrangement of video, audio, or text presentations that people upload to a
website, such as Facebook, YouTube, or Pinterest. Most radio stations use
formats that convey their personalities by combining certain types of songs,
disc jockeys’ sounds, and jingles that identify the station. The concept of
format applies to magazines, too. Vogue’s creative personnel are involved not
only in the production of individual articles that appear in the periodical, but
also in choosing the topics of the articles to begin with and arranging the
articles in a flow that is designed to convey an image and entice readers
through the magazine.

147
Q

What is destribution?

A

Distribution is the delivery of the produced material to the point
where it will be shown to its intended audience. Although the activity takes
place out of public view, distributors often have a large say in marketing the
products to the target audience

148
Q

Do some firms distribute their own content?

A

Note that these firms—Philadelphia Media Network, Twentieth Century
Fox, and Sony Music—use their own distribution divisions rather than rely on
other independent distribution firms to do the job

149
Q

who is the king distribution or content?

A

Some executives argue that although “content is king,”
distribution ought to share the crown.

150
Q

Are distributes important?

A

e. It’s likely, in fact, that no legitimate bookstore will
carry it. This is not necessarily because your writing is bad; your book might
actually be a true work of art. The real reason that your chances of getting
your book into a bookstore are so poor is that your book does not have a
powerful book distributor behind it

151
Q

Does internet reduces distribution?

A

it. Perhaps you will
get lucky, and the clip you posted to YouTube will become a popular viral
video viewed by millions. In most cases, however, the key is to have the clout
to place the content in a position where many people have a good chance of
seeing it. That means getting the attention of a powerful distributor

152
Q

What makes a powerfull distrubuter?

A

What makes a powerful distributor? Simply put, a distributor’s power is
measured in terms of the firm’s ability to ensure that the media products it
carries will end up in the best locations of the best exhibitors to the best
audience. To understand what that means, we have to look at exhibition

153
Q

Is distribution and exhibition the same?

A

Company does the same but usually involves different firms.

154
Q

What is exhibition?

A

Exhibition is the activity of presenting mass media materials to audiences for
viewing or purchase. When media executives speak about the importance of
exhibition, they often mention shelf space

155
Q

What is shelf space?

A

Shelf space is the amount of area
or time available for presenting products to consumers

156
Q

What area is more valuable in a store?

A

The front area, internet main page.

157
Q

What are the benefits of big publishers?

A

They have more recognizimation, and The large publishers also may be better able than smaller ones to offer
trade incentives—payments in cash, discounts, or publicity activities that
provide a special reason for an exhibitor to highlight a product—that could
influence large stores such as Barnes & Noble to carry their books

158
Q

What does a publisher do trough the distributor?

A

To make
sure that a bookstore chain exhibits key titles at the entrances to its stores, for
example, a publisher might have to offer—through its distributor—to pay the
bookstore chain a sum of money for taking up that space. Bringing the author
in for special book readings and book signings and helping to pay for ads in
newspapers (a practice called cooperative advertising) might als

159
Q

What are trade incentives?

A

payments in cash, discounts, or publicity activities that provide a special
reason for an exhibitor to highlight a product

160
Q

What are cooperative advertising?

A

(also known as co-op advertising) advertising paid for in part by media
production firms or their distributors in order to help the exhibitor
promote the product

161
Q

What do powerfull distribution and production firm have in common.

A

surprisingly, the major production companies either own or
are otherwise strategically linked to the major distribution organizations. In
these cases, it is important to keep in mind that power over production and
distribution is self-reinforcing: creative personnel with strong track records
are attracted to the production firm in part because it has powerful
distribution. In turn, the company has powerful distribution in part because its
production arm attracts creative personnel with strong track records.

162
Q

what is vertical integration?

A

In some industries, major firms consolidate their strength by owning not
only the distribution organizations but the major exhibition firms as well.
Television networks such as NBC, CBS, and ABC, for example, have
production divisions that create fiction, sports, and news programs. They also
own broadcast TV networks that distribute their programs and broadcast
stations in key cities that exhibit them. This control of the entire process from
production through distribution to exhibition is called vertical integration,

163
Q

What are the financing for mass media content?

A

Money to fund new production
Money to pay for already-completed products

164
Q

What are taking out loans?

A

A loan is money borrowed from an organization, usually
a bank, for a certain price (a percentage of the loan called an interest rate). To
get a loan, executives must persuade the lending organization that their plans
will realistically bring in the cash they expect so that the firm will be able to
repay the amount of the loan (its principal) plus the interest in a timely way.
The lender will also want to be sure that it has a claim on some of the current
value (assets) of the firm—for example, the real estate of an exhibition chain
or the current holdings of a radio station owner—in case the firm does not pay
back the loan

165
Q

What are investments bank?

A

are companies that arrange to lend millions, even tens and
hundreds of millions, of dollars to companies and that also arrange stock
offerings. Some investment banks specialize in particular industries, and the
executives of these investment banks feel that they understand quite well the
risks involved. Large investment banks hire experts in particular industries to
guide the banks’ lending activities in their areas of expertise. These
investment bankers assess the firms that want loans and put together the
terms of agreement. When very large amounts of money are involved, the
investment banker will organize a syndicate, a group of banks that agree to
share the risks and rewards of the lending deal. Because it takes on more
responsibility, the lead bank (the bank that organizes the syndicate) makes
more money on the deal than the others.

166
Q

What are syndicate?

A

When very large amounts of money are involved, the
investment banker will organize a syndicate, a group of banks that agree to
share the risks and rewards of the lending deal. Because it takes on more
responsibility, the lead bank (the bank that organizes the syndicate) makes
more money on the deal than the others.

167
Q

What is encouraging investments.

A

ereas bankers worry that firms will not be able
to pay back the money they have borrowed, executives of those firms worry
about how much money the loans are costing them. That is, paying the
interest on the loans requires cash that the company could use for other
purposes. Consequently, executives may prefer to raise money through stock
offerings. A share of stock is a unit of ownership in a company. All
corporations, whether they are owned by only a few people or by millions of
people, issue stock. When a company engages in a stock offering, it sells these
units of ownership to organizations and individuals.

168
Q

What are venture capitalist?

A

In view of its small size, DigitalFeast will probably sell its stock to venture
capitalists. Venture capitalists are individuals or companies that invest in
startup or nonpublic firms in the hope that the firms’ value will increase over
time. These people and firms are in the business of assuming the high risks of
investing in such firms in the hope of receiving high rewards.

169
Q

What are intial public offering?

A

There are other ways in which DigitalFeast can raise more money. Assume,
for example, that after the sale of stock to the venture capitalists,
DigitalFeast’s board of directors (which now includes some of the venture
capitalists) decides on an initial public offering (IPO) of the company’s stock.
The board needs to convince an investment banker that the company’s future
is so great that investment companies and individual investors would buy five
million new shares of the company’s stock at $10 a share. The investment
bank agrees to manage (or underwrite) the offering for a fee. Because five
million new shares will be created, the shares that already exist will represent
a smaller percentage of the ownership than they did before the IPO. Still, the
market value of the early stockholders’ shares will go from $2 to $10 a share.
DigitalFeast, meanwhile, has $50 million more to chew on.

170
Q

What is profits and revene

A

A primary indicator of the health of any company is its profits—the amount
of money brought in by the completed products (the revenues) minus
expenses. Even if a company is run efficiently and its expenses are low, it still
needs to bring in ever-increasing amounts of revenue in order to increase its
profits and satisfy its investors and lenders. In mass media firms, there are
several ways to bring in revenues

171
Q

What is direct sales?

A

s The purchaser pays the production firm or a separate distributor
or exhibitor for the item and can use it in any way she or he sees fit—keep it
forever, throw it away, give it to someone else, or even resell it. In college
textbook publishing, for example, most of the money comes from sales to
consumers (the students).

172
Q

What is licences fees?

A

A person or organization pays the production firm or a separate
distributor or exhibitor for the use of a product, but the producer has ultimate
control over the way it is used. For example, a toy company may pay Warner
Bros. for the right to use the image of Bugs Bunny on toy banks for five years.
Similarly, if you have Microsoft Word on your computer, what you have
actually bought is a license to use it. (Remember the notice telling you that if
you use the software, you are accepting the “license agreement”? One
consequence is that, according to the agreement, you are prohibited from
reselling the software to someone else.)

173
Q

What are rentals?

A

The production firm or a separate distributor or exhibitor charges for
the right to employ (read, view, or hear) a mass media product for a certain
period of time and then gets the product back. For example, with movie
rentals, the store typically buys the video from the production firm and tries
to make a profit by renting it to you and many others.

174
Q

What are usage fees?

A

The amount the producer or the separate distributor or exhibitor
charges for a mass media product is based on the number of times the product
is employed. For example, an internet database of articles may charge you for
the number of articles or “page views” you print

175
Q

What are subscriptions?

A

The producer or the separate distributor or exhibitor charges
for regularly providing a media product or service. (Think of a magazine
subscription, a subscription to a cable system, and a subscription to a
company that provides you with internet service.)

176
Q

What are Advertising?

A

A company buys space or time on a mass medium (a page in a
magazine, 30 seconds on a radio station) in which it is allowed to display a
persuasive message (an advertisement) for a product or service. We will have
a good deal to say about the workings of the advertising industry in chapter 4.
What is important to remember here is that the advertising industry is the
dominant support system for the mass media. If advertising did not exist, the
amount you pay for magazines, newspapers, internet content, and cable
television, not to mention broadcast television and radio, would skyrocket.
Reliable estimates suggest, for example, that because of advertising, people on
average pay half of what they would otherwise pay for magazines and
substantially less than half for newspapers

177
Q

Why advetising going bad and retransmission fees?

A

as costs go up, and as advertisers have the
option of placing ads in other media if the local stations raise their advertising
rates, the single revenue stream does not look as lucrative as it once did. That
is why the stations are demanding that cable systems pay them for carrying
their signals to their customers (what is called a retransmission fee). The
stations are also trying to make money via advertising on their websites.

178
Q

What is goverment regulation?

A

a wide variety of activities and laws through which elected and
appointed officials at local, state, and federal levels exercise influence
over media firms

179
Q

creating content to attract that target audiences

A

Track Record

Research And Development (R & D); Qualities and qualities.

Surveys

Focus Group

Analyzes of Existing Data

180
Q

What is the inverted pyramid?

A

Who to whom what where when why (general)

Supporting facts, evidence, key quotes, and more in-depth details.

Supporting explanations and quotes

Additional quotes and alternative explanations of scenarios.

Peripheral details( to more specific)

181
Q

What is an editorial?

A

An editorial is a subgenre of news that expresses an individual or an organization’s point of view.

Columnist: Individuals who are paid to write editorials on a regular basis-usually weekly, monthly or daily

182
Q

Information and education

A

Information: The raw material that journalists use when they create news stories. There are two main information segments:

Information gathering and distributing

Information Research and retrievals

Education: Content that is purposefully crafted to teach people specific ideals about the world in specific ways.

183
Q

ways to bring money

A

Direct sales

License fees

Rentals

Usage fee

Subscriptions

Advertising

184
Q

Controls on media content: Government, regulation, self-regulation and ethics.

A

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

185
Q

what do media firms see people as?

A

Media firms think about members of their audience differently than the members think about themselves. Media professionals think of people primarily as consumers of media materials and other products.

186
Q

information generes, education and advertisement?

A

The information genre relies on facts that reveal something about the world. Information includes content obtained through searching databases. (76-7)
The education genre includes content crafted to teach people. Textbooks and instructional materials of all types fall into this category. (77-78)
The advertisement genre includes messages aimed at directing favorable attention to goods and services and includes informational ads, hard-sell ads, and soft-sell ads. (78-79)

187
Q

what are talent guild?

A

Talent guilds, such as the Writers Guild of America, negotiate labor agreements with major production firms. (82)

188
Q

What are venture?

A

Following an investment by venture capitalists, the potential profit of a media firm may become so great that it takes action to issue an initial public offering (IPO) of stock. (89)

189
Q

Media literacy and the business of media

A

Knowing about the production, distribution, and exhibition processes helps one be a more aware consumer of mass media materials.
Knowing about the means through which media products are financed, a media-literate person can influence sources of production revenue.
Knowing how media firms construct and target their intended audiences, a media-literate person can influence decisions that are potentially objectionable or arguably disruptive in some way.
In other words, a media-literate person has some potential leverage over decisions made by media firms and their sources of financing. The crucial issues, of course, lie in first understanding how this complex system works and then developing effective communication strategies of your own in order to influence it.

190
Q

research and development (R&D)

A

departments within companies that explore new ideas and generate new products and services, systematically investigating potential sources of revenue through surveys, focus groups, or the analysis of existing data

Mass media (3 decks)

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