Chapter 3 Terms

Question 0

Asserts that something is true or not true

Answer 0

Claim of fact

Question 1

Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing

Answer 1

Narration

Question 2

In the Toulmin model, this consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority.

Answer 2

Backing

Question 3

A fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence.

Answer 3

Circular reasoning

Question 4

Fallacy refers to the diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker.

Answer 4

Ad hominem

Question 5

Proposes a change

Answer 5

Claim of policy

Question 6

A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt.

Answer 6

Begging the question

It “begs” a question whether the support itself is sound.

Question 7

Argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong

Answer 7

Claim of value

Question 8

Fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority.

Answer 8

Appeal to false authority

Question 9

This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to “everybody’s doing it, so it must be a good thing to do.”

Answer 9

Ad populum or Bandwagon appeal

Question 9

In the Toulmin model, this expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.

Answer 9

Assumption or warrant

Question 10

Five part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians:
Introduction
Narration
Confirmation
Refutation
Conclusion

Answer 10

The classical oration

Question 11

Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion.

Answer 11

Introduction (exordium)

Question 13

fallacy that occurs when two things are compared that are not comparable.

Answer 13

Faulty analogy

Question 14

Usually the major part of the text, the confirmation includes the proof needed to make the writers case.

Answer 14

Confirmation

Question 15

A process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion

Answer 15

Argument

Question 16

A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.

Answer 16

Hasty generalization

Question 17

Also called an assertion or proposition, it states the arguments main idea or position. It differs from a topic or subject in that it has to be arguable.

Answer 17

Claim

Question 18

In the Toulmin model, it explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier

Answer 18

Reservation

Question 19

Addresses the Counterargument. It is a bridge between the writers proof and conclusion.

Answer 19

Refutation

Question 20

Brings the essay to a satisfying close

Answer 20

Conclusion

Question 21

A logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization.

Answer 21

Induction

Question 22

A logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise)
Demonstrated in form of a syllogism

Answer 22

Deduction

Question 23

In the Toulmin model, it uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute.

Answer 23

Qualifier

Question 24

A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion

Answer 24

Syllogism

Question 25

A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices

Answer 25

Either/or fallacy (False dilemma)

Question 26

Evidence based in something the writer knows, whether it’s from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events

Answer 26

First hand evidence

Question 27

Potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it.

Answer 27

Logical fallacy

Question 29

A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea

Answer 29

Straw man

Question 30

A thesis that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay.

Answer 30

Open thesis

Question 31

“After which therefore because of which”
Fallacy meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier.
Correlation does not imply causation

Answer 31

Post hoc ergo propter hoc

Question 32

Developed by psychiatrist Carl Rogers, these are based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating.

Answer 32

Rogerian arguments

Question 33

In the Toulmin model, it gives voice to possible objections

Answer 33

Rebuttal

Question 34

A statement of the main idea of the argument that also precess the major points the writer intends to make.

Answer 34

Closed thesis

Question 35

An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin in his book The Uses of Argument.

Answer 35

Toulmin Model:
Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

Question 36

Includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers- for instance, statistics, surveys, polls, census information

Answer 36

Quantitative evidence

Question 36

Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data.

Answer 36

Second hand evidence