Chapter 3 Terms Flashcards
Asserts that something is true or not true
Claim of fact
Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing
Narration
In the Toulmin model, this consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority.
Backing
A fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence.
Circular reasoning
Fallacy refers to the diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker.
Ad hominem
Proposes a change
Claim of policy
A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt.
Begging the question
It “begs” a question whether the support itself is sound.
Argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong
Claim of value
Fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority.
Appeal to false authority
This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to “everybody’s doing it, so it must be a good thing to do.”
Ad populum or Bandwagon appeal
In the Toulmin model, this expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.
Assumption or warrant
Five part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians: Introduction Narration Confirmation Refutation Conclusion
The classical oration
Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion.
Introduction (exordium)
fallacy that occurs when two things are compared that are not comparable.
Faulty analogy
Usually the major part of the text, the confirmation includes the proof needed to make the writers case.
Confirmation
A process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion
Argument
A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.
Hasty generalization
Also called an assertion or proposition, it states the arguments main idea or position. It differs from a topic or subject in that it has to be arguable.
Claim
In the Toulmin model, it explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier
Reservation
Addresses the Counterargument. It is a bridge between the writers proof and conclusion.
Refutation
Brings the essay to a satisfying close
Conclusion
A logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization.
Induction
A logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise)
Demonstrated in form of a syllogism
Deduction
In the Toulmin model, it uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute.
Qualifier
A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion
Syllogism
A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices
Either/or fallacy (False dilemma)
Evidence based in something the writer knows, whether it’s from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events
First hand evidence
Potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it.
Logical fallacy
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea
Straw man
A thesis that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay.
Open thesis
“After which therefore because of which”
Fallacy meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier.
Correlation does not imply causation
Post hoc ergo propter hoc
Developed by psychiatrist Carl Rogers, these are based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating.
Rogerian arguments
In the Toulmin model, it gives voice to possible objections
Rebuttal
A statement of the main idea of the argument that also precess the major points the writer intends to make.
Closed thesis
An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin in his book The Uses of Argument.
Toulmin Model:
Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).
Includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers- for instance, statistics, surveys, polls, census information
Quantitative evidence
Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data.
Second hand evidence
