Chapter 3: Systems Working Together

Question 1

Cellular Respiration:

Answer 1

the chemical reaction involving oxygen that moves the energy in glucose into the compound ATP. The body is able to use the energy contained in ATP.

Question 2

Oxygen

Answer 2

a gas in the air (and water) that animals need to breathe; made up of particles with two oxygen atoms. Plants produce oxygen as part of photosynthesis.

Question 3

Carbon Dioxide:

Answer 3

a gas in the air produced by respiration and used by plants as part of photosynthesis. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide.

Question 4

Respiratory System q

Answer 4

the body system involving the lungs and associated structures, which take in air and supply the blood with oxygen to deliver to the body’s cells so they can carry out their essential functions; it also performs gas exchange to remove the waste gas carbon dioxide

Question 5

Bronchi

Answer 5

the narrow tubes through which air passes from the trachea to the smaller bronchioles and alveoli in the respiratory system. Singular = bronchus.

Question 6

Trachea

Answer 6

narrow tube from the mouth to the lungs through which air moves

Question 7

Alveoli

Answer 7

tiny air sacs in the lungs at the ends of the narrowest tubes. Oxygen moves from alveoli into the surrounding blood vessels, in exchange for carbon dioxide.

Question 8

Bronchioles

Answer 8

small branching tubes in the lungs leading from the two larger bronchi to the alveoli

Question 9

Circulatory systems

Answer 9

the body system that circulates oxygen in blood to all the cells of the body. The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood.

Question 10

Arteries

Answer 10

hollow tubes (vessels) with thick walls carrying blood pumped from the heart to other body parts

Question 11

Veins

Answer 11

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. They have valves and thinner walls than arteries.

Question 12

Capillaries

Answer 12

minute tubes carrying blood to body cells. Every cell of the body is supplied with blood through capillaries.

Question 13

Heart

Answer 13

a muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system so that oxygen and nutrients can be transported to the body’s cells and wastes can be transported away

Question 14

Aorta

Answer 14

large artery through which oxygenated blood is pumped at high pressure from the left ventricle of your heart to your body

Question 15

Arterioles

Answer 15

vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the arteries to the capillaries

Question 16

Deoxygenated Blood

Answer 16

blood from which some oxygen has been removed

Question 17

Carbohydrates

Answer 17

organic substances, such as sugars and starch, that are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and contain useful chemical energy

Question 18

Lipids

Answer 18

type of nutrient that includes fats and oils

Question 19

Proteins

Answer 19

chemical made up of amino acids needed for the growth and repair of the cells in living things

Question 20

Vitamins

Answer 20

organic nutrients required in small amounts. They include vitamins A, B, C, D and K.

Question 21

Minerals

Answer 21

any of the inorganic elements that are essential to the functioning of the human body and are obtained from foods

Question 22

Digestive System

Answer 22

a complex series of organs and glands that processes food in order to supply your body with the nutrients it needs to function effectively

Question 23

Excretory System

Answer 23

the body system that removes waste substances from the body

Question 24

Enzymes

Answer 24

special chemicals that speed up reactions but are themselves not used up in the reaction

Question 25

Saliva

Answer 25

watery substance in the mouth that moistens food before swallowing

Question 26

Chemical Digestion

Answer 26

the chemical reactions changing food into simpler substances that are absorbed into the bloodstream for use in other parts of the body

Question 27

Mechanical Digestion

Answer 27

digestion that uses physical factors such as chewing with the teeth

Question 28

Bolus

Answer 28

Round, chewed-up ball of food made in the mouth that makes swallowing easier

Question 29

Oesophagus

Answer 29

part of the digestive system composed of a tube connecting the mouth and pharynx with the stomach

Question 30

Peristalsis

Answer 30

the process of pushing food along the oesophagus or small intestine by the action of muscles

Question 31

Small intestine

Answer 31

the part of the digestive system between the stomach and large intestine, where much of the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients takes place

Question 32

Absorption

Answer 32

the taking in of a substance, for example, from the intestine to the surrounding capillaries

Question 33

Villi

Answer 33

tiny finger-like projections from the wall of the intestine that maximise the surface area of the structure to increase the efficiency of nutrient absorption. Singular = villus.

Question 34

Bile

Answer 34

a substance produced by the liver that helps digest fats and oils

Question 35

Large intestine

Answer 35

the penultimate part of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from the waste before it is transported out of the body

Question 36

Rectum

Answer 36

the final section of the digestive system, where waste food matter is stored as faeces before being excreted through the anus

Question 37

Anus

Answer 37

the final part of the digestive system, through which faeces are passed as waste

Question 38

Excretion

Answer 38

removal of wastes from the body

Question 39

Kidneys

Answer 39

body organs that filter the blood, removing urea and other wastes

Question 40

Nephrons

Answer 40

the filtration and excretory units of the kidney

Question 41

Ureters

Answer 41

tubes from each kidney that carry urine to the bladder

Question 42

ATP/Adenosine Triphosphate

Answer 42

a form of energy released during cellular respiration that provides cells with the energy needed to perform their functions

Question 43

Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 43

the chemical breakdown of food without oxygen. The reaction needs enzymes, occurs in cells and releases less energy than aerobic respiration.

Question 44

Metabolism

Answer 44

the chemical reactions occurring within an organism that enable the organism to use energy and grow and repair cells

Question 45

Lactic acid

Answer 45

an end product of anaerobic respiration in animals; also known as lactate