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Brain and Behavior > Chapter 3: Synapses > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Synapses Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

Synapse

A

A specialized gap as a point of communication between two neurons

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2
Q

Reflexes

A

Automatic muscular responses to stimuli

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3
Q

Reflex Arc

A

A circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response

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4
Q

Charles Scott Sherrington

A

Introduced the term synapse

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5
Q

Temporal Summation

(summation over time)

A

Repeated stimuli within a frief time have a cummulative effect

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6
Q

Presynaptic Neuron

A

A neuron that delivers transmission

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7
Q

Postsynaptic Neuron

A

A neuron that receives a transmission

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8
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

A

A graded depolarization

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9
Q

Spatial Summation

A

Combination of effects of activity from two or more synapses onto a single neuron

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10
Q

Inhibitory Postsynapic Potential (IPSP)

A
  • A temporary hyperpolarization of a membrane
  • Occurs whensynaptic input selectively opens the gates for potassium ions to lvave the cell for chloride ions to enter the ell
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11
Q

Spontaneous Firing Rate

A

A periodic production of action potentials even without synaptic input

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12
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

The space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells

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13
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals released by neurons that affect other neurons

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14
Q

Amino Acids

A

Acids containing an amine group (NH2)

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15
Q

Monoamines

A

Chemicals formed by change in certain amino acids

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16
Q

Acetylcholine

A

A chemical similar to an amino acid, except that it includes an N(CH3)3 group instead of an NH2, group

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17
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Chains of amino acids

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18
Q

Purines

A

A category of chemicals including adenosine and several of its derivatives

19
Q

Gases

A

One of the categories of neurotransmitters, including nitric oxide and possibly others

20
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

A gas released by many small local neurons

21
Q

Vesicles

A

Tiny nearly spherical packets filled with neurotrasmitter molecules

22
Q

MAO

(monoamine oxidase)

A

Enzyme that converts catecholamines and serotonin into synaptically inactive forms

23
Q

Transmitter-gated

A

Ion channel that opens temporarily when a neurotransmitter binds to it

24
Q

Ligand-gated channels

A

Channel that opens when a neurotransmitter attaches

25
Q

Metabotropic

A

Sequence of metabolic reactions that produce slow and long-lasting effects at a synapse

26
Q

G-Protein

A

Protein coupled to guanosine triphosphate (GTP), an energy-storing molecule

27
Q

Second Messenger

A

Communicates to many areas within the cell

28
Q

Neuromodulators

A
  • Chains of amino acids
  • Released mainly by dendrites
29
Q

Neurogliaform Cell

A

A kind of neuron that releases huge amounts of GABA all at once, producing widespread inhibition

30
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body and conveyed by the blood to *influence other cells *

31
Q

Endocrine Gland

A

Hormone-producing glands

32
Q

Protein and Peptide Hormones

A

Composed of chains of amino acids

33
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

An endocrine gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus

34
Q

Postirior Pituitary

A

Portion of the pituitary gland, which releases hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus

35
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

Portion of the pituitary gland, composed of glandular tissue

36
Q

Oxytocin

A

Hormone released by posterior pituitary; important for sexual and parental behaviors

37
Q

Vasopressin

A
  • (antidiuretic hormone)
  • hormone released by posterior pituitary
  • raises blood pressure and enables kidneys to conserve water
38
Q

Releasing Hormones

A

Hormone released by the hypothalamus that flows through the blood to the anterior pituitary

39
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

An enzyme that breaks acetylcholine into two fragments: acetate and choline

40
Q

Reuptake

A

Reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal

41
Q

Transporters

A

Special membrane protein where reuptake occurs in the neurotransmitter

42
Q

COMT (catechol-o-methyltransferase)

A

Enzyme that breaks down excess dopamine into inactive chemicals that cannot stimulate the dopamine receptors

43
Q

Autoreceptors

A

Receptors that respond to the released transmitter by inhibiting further synthesis and release

44
Q

Gap Junction

A

A direct contact of one neuron with another, enabling electrical transmission

Brain and Behavior (3 decks)

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