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Brain and Behavior > Chapter 1: The Major Issues > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Major Issues Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

Gottfried Leibniz

A

“Why is there something rather than nothing?”

It would seem that nothingness would be the default state.

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2
Q

Biological Psychology

A

The study of the physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience.

(also called biopsychology, psychobiology, physiological psychology, and behavioral neuroscience)

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3
Q

the Hard Problem

A
  • Given this universe composed of matter and energy, why is there such a thing as consciousness?
  • How did brain activity become conscious
  • Philosopher **David Chalmers **
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4
Q

the Mind-Brain Problem

A

What is the relationship between mental experience and brain activity?

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5
Q

Consciousness as a Fundamental Property of Matter

A

Cannot be reduced to something else. We can’t explain why, it just is.

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6
Q

Dorsal View

A

from the top

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7
Q

Ventral View

A

from the bottom

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8
Q

Neurons

A

Convey messages to one another and to muscles and glands. Very large in size, shape, and functions.

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9
Q

Glia

A

“Supporting cells” Don’t convey information

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10
Q

Physiological Explanation

A

Relates behavior to the activity of the brain and other organs.

*deals with the machinery of the brain

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11
Q

Ontogenetic Explanation

A

How a structure or behavior develops,including the influences of genes, nutrition, experiences, and their interactions.

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12
Q

Evolutionary Explanation

A

Reconstructs the evolutionary history of structure or behavior.

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13
Q

Functional Explanation

A

Why a structure or behavior evolved as it did.

(ex, gene spreading by genetic drift)

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14
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Mendelian Inheritance Pea Plants Coined terms “dominant” and “recessive” in reference to traits

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15
Q

Genes

A

Units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another.

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16
Q

Chromosomes

A

Strands of genes that come in pairs

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17
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A double-stranded molecule; encodes genetic instructions

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18
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid

  • A single-stranded molecule
  • Perform vital roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
19
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions to the body

20
Q

Homozygous

A

Identical pair of genes

21
Q

Heterozygous

A

Unmatched pair of genes

22
Q

Dominant gene

A

Shows a strong effect in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition

23
Q

Recessive gene

A

Shows it’s effect only in the homozygous condition

24
Q

Sex-linked genes

A

Sex chromosomes (X and Y)

25
Q

Autosomal genes

A

All chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes

26
Q

Sex-limited genes

A

Present in both sexes, generally on autosomal chromosomes, but active mainly one sex.

27
Q

Mutation

A
  • A heritable change in a DNA molecule
  • Duplication - chromosome appears twice
  • Deletion - chromosome does not appear at all
  • Microduplication/Microdeletion - happens on just a tiny portion of a chromosome.
28
Q

Epigenetics

A

Changes in geno expression without modification of the DNA sequence.

29
Q

Monozygotic

A

From one egg

30
Q

Dizygotic

A

From two eggs

31
Q

Heretability

A

Estimate of the degree to which variation in a characteristic depends on genetic variations in a given population,

32
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKI)

A

A genetic inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalnine.

*can impair brain development leavingthe child mentaly retarded, restless, and irritable.

33
Q

Evolution

A

A change over generations in the frequencies of various genes in a population.

34
Q

Artificial selection

A

Choosing individuals with desired trait and make them the parents of the next generation.

35
Q

Lamarckian Evolution

A

Jean Lamark’s theory of evolution through the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

*evolution no longer producing limbs that don’t serve a purpose because they don’t serve a purpose.

36
Q

Fitness

A

The number of copies of one’s genes that endure in later generations.

37
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Concerns how behaviors evolved; emphasis is on evolutionary and functional explanations.

38
Q

Altruistic Behavior

A

An action that benefits someone other than the actor

39
Q

Kin Selection

A

Selection for a gene that benefits the individual’s relatives

40
Q

Reciprocal Altruism

A

Individuals help those who will return the favor

41
Q

Four Reasons for Animal Testing

A
  1. The underlying mechanisms of behavior are similar across species and sometimes easier to study in a nonhuman species
  2. We are interested in animals for their own sake (curiosity)
  3. What we learn sheds light on human evolution
  4. Legal and ethical restrictions present certain kinds of research on humans
42
Q

Minimalists

A

Tolerate certain kinds of animal research but wish to prohibit others depending on probable value of research, amount of distress to the animal and the type of animal.

43
Q

Three R’s of Animal Testing

A

Reduction of an animal number (using fewer animals)

Replacement - using computer models or other substitutes when possible

Refinement - modifying the procedure to reduce pain and discomfort

44
Q

Abolitionists

A

See no room for compromise. Believe all animals have the same rights as humans

Brain and Behavior (3 decks)

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