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Dysphagia > Chapter 3 - Swallowing disorders arising from neurological and other conditions > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Swallowing disorders arising from neurological and other conditions Flashcards

1
Q

SWALLOWING

A

A complex activity that requires the simultaneous interaction between the sensory and motor neurologic system

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2
Q

ETIOLOGY

A
  • neurological disorders like stroke
  • organ removal as a result of cancer
  • degenerative disorders like PD
  • altered level of consciousness
  • GERD
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3
Q

EVENTS IN A NORMAL SWALLOW

A
  • bolus preparation
  • airway protection
  • bolus propulsion
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4
Q

STAGES OF SWALLOWING

A
  • oral preparatory stage
  • oral stage
  • pharyngeal stage
  • esophageal stage
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5
Q

MOTOR HOMUNCULUS

A

It refers to the primary motor cortex, that lies superior to the Broca’s area, establishing a relationship to the motor commands of speech and swallowing
Pg 56 for diagram

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6
Q

PENETRATION

A

The entry of bolus contents into the larynx to a level that does not extend beyond the true VFs

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7
Q

ASPIRATION

A

Entry of bolus content into the airway below the true VFs. It can occur before, during or after the swallow.
Result - Prandial aspiration

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8
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF PRANDIAL ASPIRATION

A

refer to the table at Pg 58

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9
Q

ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA

A

the entrance of food or liquids into the bronchi of lungs resulting in infection
3 types - anaerobic pneumonia, Lung abscess, empyema

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10
Q

CHEMICAL PNEUMONITIS

A

a condition referring to chemical injury caused by inhalation of sterile gastric contents from the stomach or esophagus

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11
Q

BACTERIAL INFECTION

A

occurs as a result of an increased volume of oropharyngeal secretions coupled with impaired defense mechanisms
Result - aspiration pneumonia

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12
Q

SILENT ASPIRATION

A

aspiration occurring without elicitation of cough reflex

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13
Q

ANAEROBIC PNEUMONIA

A

type of AP that results in low grade fever

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14
Q

LUNG ABSCESS

A

accumulation of pus that has been contained by a surrounding inflammatory process within the lungs

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15
Q

EMPYEMA

A

the accumulation of pus in the pleural space
if not treated - results in rupturing of pleural walls

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16
Q

GERD

A

gastro esophageal reflux disease
test to detect - prolonged esophageal pH monitoring
retrograde movement of gastric contents from the stomach through the LES and into the esophagus
complaint of heart burn

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17
Q

LPR

A

laryngopharyngeal reflux - when the refluxate reaches the larynx

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18
Q

ALS

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
progressive disease involving the degeneration of the UMN and LMN
lower age < higher age group
males > females
progression is rapid
bulbar involvement results in worst prognosis

19
Q

STROKE

A

brainstem stroke&raquo_space; cortical stroke

20
Q

PSEUDO BULBAR PALSY

A

weakness of muscles innervated by the medulla because of interruption of corticobulbar fibers

21
Q

BDST

A

burke dysphagia screening test - screening test to identify stroke patients at risk for developing pneumonia and upper airway obstruction

22
Q

PD

A

parkinson’s disease - progressive degenerative neuromuscular disorder charcterized by loss of dopamine

23
Q

DUCHENNE DYSTROPHY

A

childhood form of muscular dystrophy
deficits in oral preparatory as oral phases
pharyngeal impairment includes weakness of pterygoid and superior constrictor muscles

24
Q

ODYNOPHAGIA

A

pain in swallowing

25
Q

ACHALASIA

A

failure of movement of bolus into the stomach
looks like a “bird’s beak”
complaint - feeling of food getting stuck in the throat even after repeated swallow

26
Q

CURLING

A

alteration in esophageal motility frequently seen in elderly individuals
caused by scarring in the esophagus following surgery or bleeding

27
Q

DES

A

diffuse esophageal spasm
intermittent dysphagia, chest pain and repetitive contractions of the esophagus (tertiary contraction)
appearance looks like a rosary bead or corkscrew

28
Q

DIVERTICULA

A

esophageal diverticula are outpouchings of one or more layers of the esophageal wall.
complaint of the food coming back - reflux back to larynx

29
Q

WEBS/RINGS

A

schatzki ring - intermittent dysphagia for solids

30
Q

GLOBUS

A

Sensation of lump in the throat

31
Q

Zenker diverticulum

A

formed by the protrusion of the posterior hypopharyngeal mucosa between fibers of the inferior constrictor
and CPMs.

32
Q

LPRD

A

laryngopharyngeal reflux disease
inflammatory disease of the larynx , originating form the stomach
symptoms - hoarseness, vocal process granulomas, coughing
complaints - hoarseness, throat clearing, excess phlegm in the throat
worst case scenario - excessive coughing, occasional choking of foods, globus

33
Q

GERD vs LPRD

A

refer to the table on pg 80

34
Q

BARRETT ESOPHAGUS

A

compensatory change in the esophageal mucosa from squamous to specialized intestinal epithelium
can progress to esophageal cancer
treatment - medication for GERD and diet modification

35
Q

BACTERIAL INFECTION OF OROPHARYNX

A

tonsillitis, pharyngitis, abscesses
inflammation of primary mucosa or lymph
symptoms - odynophagia

36
Q

Eosinophilic Esophagitis

A

An inflammation that builds up in a type of white blood cells in the esophagus.
symptoms - vomiting, chest or abdominal pain, regurgitation of foods and liquids, discomfort in swallowing

37
Q

CHAGAS DISEASE

A

parasitic infectious disease that leads to achalasia
cause - parasite called Trypanosoma cruzi
Ask patients their travel history

38
Q

LYME DISEASE

A

bacterial infection caused by a bite from an infected tick.
Progresses to paralysis, joint problems, chewing fatigue
complaints - swallowing fatigue, difficulty chewing, food not going down

39
Q

XEROSTOMIA

A

permanent injury to salivary glands

40
Q

SJOGREN SYNDROME

A

dryness in the eyes, salivary and lacrimal glands and mouth
prominent features - xerostomia, oral pain, glossodynia, dysgeusia

41
Q

CROHN DISEASE

A

presence of lesions throughout the digestive tract

42
Q

EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA

A

rare disorder characterized by blistering of the mucosal lining, often elicited by minimal trauma

43
Q

CTE OR DEMENTIA PUGILISTICA

A

chronic traumatic encephalopathy
identified as a condition following multiple mild or severe head injuries or concussions

Dysphagia (4 decks)

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